9 stress and health.

Name: 9 stress and health.
Uploaded: 2017-08-20T11:43:23+00:00
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Channel: Joanna Moody
Description: 9 stress and health.

9 stress and health

why study health and stress. How are health and stress related
why study health and stress? How are health and stress related? Stress is not a rare experience but something that all people experience in varying degrees every day. This chapter will explore the sources of stress in daily life, the factors that can make the experience of coping with stress easier or more difficult, and how stress influences physical and mental health, as well as ways to cope with the stresses of everyday life and extraordinary experiences.

Learning Objective Menu
LO 9.1 How do psychologists define stress? LO 9.2 Kinds of events that cause stress LO 9.3 Psychological factors in stress LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system LO 9.5 Relationship between stress, cognitive and personality factors LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reactions LO 9.7 Hunger and social factors LO 9.8 Eating disorders LO 9.9 Stress and sexual problems LO 9.10 Coping with stress LO 9.11 How culture and religion help cope with stress LO 9.12 Psychological benefits of exercise

Stress Psychoneuroimmunology
LO 9.1 Defining stress Psychoneuroimmunology The study of the effects of psychological factors on the body’s disease-fighting system Stress reducing benefits of laughter Laughing significantly increases the level of health-protecting beta-endorphins Looking forward to a positive laughing experience can decrease levels of hormones such as cortisol

Stress Stress Stressors
LO 9.1 Defining stress Stress Physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events appraised as threatening or challenging Stressors Stress causing events

Stress Stressors Two types of stressors Distress Eustress
LO 9.1 Defining stress Stressors Two types of stressors Distress Experience unpleasant stressors Eustress Positive events requiring the body to adapt or change

Taking a test is just one of many possible stressors in a college student’s life. What aspects of college life have you found to be stressful? Do other students experience the same degree of stress in response to the same stressors?

Environmental Stressors
LO 9.2 Kinds of events causing stress Catastrophe Unpredictable event that happens on a large scale Major Life Changes Stress is present in ordinary life experiences Does not come from only negative events

LO 9.2 Kinds of events causing stress Major Life Changes Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Holmes and Rahe (1967) Negative and positive events call for adjustment Life Change Units Measure of change and adjustment to stress

LO 9.2 Kinds of events causing stress College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) Indentifies stressful events common to a college student Similar in construction to Holmes and Rahe’s scale

LO 9.2 Kinds of events causing stress Hassles Daily annoyances Hassles are a good predictor of short term illness Perception of the hassle more important that the hassle itself

Psychological Stressors
LO 9.3 Psychological factors in stress Pressure Urgent demands coming from an outside source Can have a negative impact on ability to be creative Uncontrollability Less control, greater degree of stress

LO 9.3 Psychological factors in stress Frustration Occurs when blocked or prevented from achieving goal or fulfilling need Internal frustrations Goal or need cannot be attained because of internal or personal characteristics Response to frustration Persistence Aggression

LO 9.3 Psychological factors in stress Frustration–aggression hypothesis Frustration creates internal “readiness to aggress” Aggression will not follow without external cues present Displaced aggression Frustrations taken out on less threatening target A form of displacement

These parents are fighting in front of their obviously distressed daughter. In some instances, a child who experiences this kind of frustration might act out aggressively toward a sibling or a pet in a form of displaced aggression.

LO 9.3 Psychological factors in stress Escape or withdrawal Leaving the presence of a stressor Can be literally or by a psychological withdrawal

LO 9.3 Psychological factors in stress Conflict Distress over choice between two different and incompatible or opposing goals

LO 9.3 Psychological factors in stress Conflict Approach–approach conflict Conflict over choice between two desirable goals Avoidance–avoidance conflict Conflict around choosing between two undesirable goals Approach–avoidance conflict Conflict over choice with a goal that has both positive and negative aspects

Physiological Stressors
LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system Autonomic nervous system: Sympathetic system Responds to stressful events Parasympathetic system Restores body to normal functioning after stress

LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Three stages: Alarm Sympathetic arousal Adrenal glands release hormones Resistance Continues until stressor ends May experience insensitivity to pain

LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Three stages: Exhaustion Can lead to formation of stress related illness Parasympathetic system attempts restoration of system

Figure General Adaptation Syndrome The diagram below shows some of the physical reactions to stress in each of the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome. The graph on the next slide shows the relationship of each of the three stages to the individual’s ability to resist a stressor. In the alarm stage, resistance drops at first as the sympathetic system quickly activates. But resistance then rapidly increases as the body mobilizes its defense systems. In the resistance stage, the body is working at a much increased level of resistance, using resources until the stress ends or the resources run out. In the exhaustion stage, the body is no longer able to resist as resources have been depleted, and at this point disease and even death are possible.

Figure 9.1 (continued) General Adaptation Syndrome The diagram on the previous slide shows some of the physical reactions to stress in each of the three stages of the general adaptation syndrome. The graph below shows the relationship of each of the three stages to the individual’s ability to resist a stressor. In the alarm stage, resistance drops at first as the sympathetic system quickly activates. But resistance then rapidly increases as the body mobilizes its defense systems. In the resistance stage, the body is working at a much increased level of resistance, using resources until the stress ends or the resources run out. In the exhaustion stage, the body is no longer able to resist as resources have been depleted, and at this point disease and even death are possible.

Stress and the Immune System
LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system Immune system Cells, organs, and chemicals of the body Responds to diseases, infections, and injuries During stress, chemicals activate receptor sites on the vagus nerve Positive effects of stress on the immune system work when stress is not continual or chronic

LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system Immune system Natural killer cell Responsible for suppressing viruses and destroying tumor cells

Figure Stress Duration and Illness In this graph, the risk of getting a cold virus increases greatly as the months of exposure to a stressor increase. Although a stress reaction can be useful in its early phase, prolonged stress has a negative impact on the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to illnesses such as a cold. Source: Cohen et al. (1998).

LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system Heart Disease Stress puts people at a higher risk for heart attacks and strokes Liver does not have a chance to clear the fat and cholesterol from the bloodstream Can lead to consumption of “comfort foods” which are bad for health

Figure Stress and Coronary Heart Disease The blue box on the left represents various sources of stress (Type A personality refers to someone who is ambitious, always working, and usually hostile). In addition to the physical reactions that accompany the stress reaction, an individual under stress may be more likely to engage in unhealthy behavior such as overeating, drinking alcohol or taking other kinds of drugs, avoiding exercise, and acting out in anger or frustration. This kind of behavior also contributes to an increased risk of coronary heart disease.

LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system Diabetes Type 1: associated with pancreas not secreting enough insulin Type 2: associated with excessive weight gain

LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system Cancer Stress causes the release of adrenaline and noradrenalin Can cause mistakes in instructions given by genes to cells of the body

LO 9.4 Relationship between stress and the immune system Other health issues Chronic stress linked to changes in immune system’s ability to fight off inflammation Children in stressed families appear to have more fevers

The Influence of Cognition and Personality on Stress
LO 9.5 Relationship between stress, cognitive and personality factors Cognitive appraisal approach How stressor is thought about influences how stressful that stressor will become Primary appraisal Estimating the severity of a stressor Classifying it as either a threat or a challenge Secondary appraisal Estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor

Figure Responses to a Stressor Lazarus’s Cognitive Appraisal Approach. According to this approach, there are two steps in cognitively determining the degree of stress created by a potential stressor. Primary appraisal involves determining if the potential stressor is a threat. If it is perceived as a threat, secondary appraisal occurs in addition to the bodily and emotional reactions. Secondary appraisal involves determining the resources one has to deal with the stress, such as time, money, physical ability, and so on. Inadequate resources lead to increased feelings of stress and the possibility of developing new resources to deal with the stress.

Stress and Personality
LO 9.5 Relationship between stress, cognitive and personality factors Personality characteristics are a major factor in predicting health Type A personality Ambitious, time conscious, hardworking high levels of hostility and anger Easily annoyed

LO 9.5 Relationship between stress, cognitive and personality factors Personality characteristics are a major factor in predicting health Type B personality Relaxed and laid-back Less driven and competitive Slow to anger Key factor in Type A personality and heart disease: Hostility

LO 9.5 Relationship between stress, cognitive and personality factors Type C personality Pleasant but repressed Tends to internalize anger and anxiety Finds expressing emotions difficult Hardy personality Challenges are not overwhelming Committed to values Feel in control of lives Lacks anger and hostility of Type A

Regular exercise—whether alone or in the company of family and friends—increases the functioning of the immune system and helps give people a sense of control over their health. Having a sense of control decreases feelings of stress, which also helps the immune system to function well.

Figure Personality and Coronary Heart Disease The two bars on the left represent men with Type A personalities. Notice that within the Type A men, there are more than twice as many who suffer from coronary heart disease as those who are healthy. The two bars on the right represent men with Type B personalities. Far more Type B personalities are healthy than are Type A personalities, and there are far fewer Type B personalities with coronary heart disease when compared to Type A personalities. Source: Miller et al. (1991, 1996).

LO 9.5 Relationship between stress, cognitive and personality factors
Explanatory Style LO 9.5 Relationship between stress, cognitive and personality factors Optimists Expect positive outcomes Longer life and increased immune system functioning 50 percent lower risk of premature death Calmer, more peaceful, and happier than the pessimists

LO 9.5 Relationship between stress, cognitive and personality factors
Explanatory Style LO 9.5 Relationship between stress, cognitive and personality factors Pessimists Expect negative outcomes More problems with physical and emotional health

Seligman: Effects of Optimism
LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Less likely to develop learned helplessness or stop trying to achieve a goal that has been blocked in the past More likely to take care of their health by preventive measures Believe their actions make a difference in what happens

Seligman: Effects of Optimism
LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Less likely become depressed More effectively functioning immune system

Susan Vaughan: Becoming Optimistic
LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Alternative thinking: Optimists tend to take bad things that happen less personally, coming up with alternative explanations for why the bad thing happened.

Susan Vaughan: Becoming Optimistic
LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Downward social comparison: Many people make themselves feel better by comparing their performance to that of less competent others, making them feel better and protecting self-esteem. Relaxation: Optimists use relaxation as a way to improve mood

How to Become an Optimistic Thinker
LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction When a bad mood strikes, stop and think about what just went through your head. When you’ve recognized the negative statements, treat them as if they came from someone else—someone who is trying to make your life miserable. Think about the damage the statement is doing to you.

How to Become an Optimistic Thinker
LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Argue with those thoughts. Challenge each negative statement and replace it with a more positive statement.

Stress and Social Factors
LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Stress in everyday life Dealing with other people and rules of social interaction Social factors increasing the effects of stress: Poverty Lack of sufficient money for basic necessities of life

Poverty can lead to many conditions that increase the degree of stress experienced by both adults and children. These children, for example, may face an increased risk of malnutrition, illness, and exposure to violence because of the conditions under which they must live.

Stress and Social Factors
LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Social factors increasing the effects of stress: Job or workplace Burnout Negative thoughts, emotions, and behavior Result of prolonged stress or frustration New Culture Entering culture different from one’s culture of origin

How Culture Affects Stress
LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Acculturation Process of adapting to a new or different culture Often the dominant culture Acculturative stress Results from the need to change and adapt to dominant culture

This Buddhist group is celebrating Songkran, the New Year, by performing their cultural ritual of pouring water over their elders’ palms. Although they are wearing clothing typical of people living in Los Angeles, California, where the ceremony is taking place, they still maintain some of their old cultural traditions.

LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Integration Maintaining one’s original cultural identity Form positive relationships with dominant culture

LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Assimilation Minority person gives up the old cultural identity Completely adopts ways of the majority culture Leads to moderate levels of stress

LO 9.6 Social factors and stress reaction Separation Minority person rejects the majority culture’s ways Tries to maintain the original cultural identity Results in fairly high degree of stress Marginalization Not affiliated with dominant or original culture

The Physiology of Hunger
LO 9.7 Hunger and social factors Insulin Hormone secreted by the pancreas Controls levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body Reduces the level of glucose in the bloodstream

The Physiology of Hunger
LO 9.7 Hunger and social factors Glucagons Hormones secreted by the pancreas Controls levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body Increases level of glucose in the bloodstream

Social Components of Hunger
LO 9.7 Hunger and social factors Physical controls of hunger do not explain all eating behavior Social cues for when meals are to be eaten Cultural factors

Social Components of Hunger
LO 9.7 Hunger and social factors Physical controls of hunger do not explain all eating behavior Gender American women more likely to start eating for emotional reasons Japanese women more likely to eat because of hunger signals or social demands

Maladaptive Eating Problems
LO 9.8 Eating disorders Obesity Body weight 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight Heredity factors Overeating Anorexia nervosa Weight loss of 15 percent below ideal body weight

Maladaptive Eating Problems
LO 9.8 Eating disorders Bulimia Cycle of “binging” or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting “Purging” or deliberately vomiting after eating

Stress and Sexual Dysfunction
LO 9.9 Stress and sexual problems Sexual dysfunction Problem with sexual functioning Causes Organic Illness or side effects from drugs, chronic illness such as diabetes

Stress and Sexual Dysfunction
LO 9.9 Stress and sexual problems Sexual dysfunction Causes Sociocultural factors Such as negative attitudes toward sexual behavior Psychological factors Personality, traumatic events, relationship problems

Table 9.1 Organic or Stress-Induced Dysfunctions

Coping with Stress Coping strategies
LO Coping with stress Coping strategies Actions that master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize the effects of stressors Problem-focused coping Strategies that eliminate the source of stress Reduce impact through direct actions

Coping with Stress Coping strategies Emotion-focused coping
LO Coping with stress Coping strategies Emotion-focused coping Strategies that change the impact of a stressor Changing emotional reaction to stressor

Meditation Meditation Mental exercises Refocus attention
LO Coping with stress Meditation Mental exercises Refocus attention Achieve trancelike state of consciousness

Meditation Concentrative meditation
LO Coping with stress Concentrative meditation Focus mind on repetitive or unchanging stimulus Mind is cleared of disturbing thoughts Body can experience relaxation

Meditation Receptive meditation
LO Coping with stress Receptive meditation Person attempts to be aware of everything in immediate conscious experience Expansion of consciousness

This man is practicing Zen yoga meditation
This man is practicing Zen yoga meditation. Meditation increases relaxation and helps to lower blood pressure and muscle tension.

Cultural Influences on Stress
LO Culture religion and stress Different cultures perceive stressors differently Coping strategies vary from culture to culture

These Peruvian villagers in a cemetery are honoring their loved ones who have passed away. The Day of the Dead is not only a celebration of the lives of those who have passed on but also a celebration for the living, who use this holiday to gain a sense of control over one of life’s most uncontrollable events—death itself. What rituals or ceremonies do people of other cultures use to cope with death?

LO 9.11 Culture religion and stress
Religion and Coping LO Culture religion and stress Most people who hold strong religious beliefs belong to a religious organization Membership can be a vital part of a person’s social support system Rituals and rites help people feel better about personal weaknesses Confession, prayer service

LO 9.11 Culture religion and stress
Religion and Coping LO Culture religion and stress Many religions encourage healthy behavior and eating habits

Exercising for Mental Health
LO Psychological benefits of exercise Improves sleep quality, reduces tiredness, increases natural killer cell activity Can reduce the more severe symptoms of anxiety and depression

Exercising for Mental Health
LO Psychological benefits of exercise Helps reduce symptoms in menopausal women Reduces anxiety levels of patients suffering from of chronic medical conditions by 20 percent

Exercising regularly benefits not only physical health but mental health as well—both powerful motivators to get moving!

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