1. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. STRESS MANAGEMENT Dr. Terrence Bernard

2. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Outline DEFINITION EXAMPLES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS CATEGORIES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS REACTIONS TO STRESS Psychological Physiological EFFECT ON HEALTH Direct Indirect MANAGING STRESS

3. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. DEFINITION Experiencing events that are perceived as endangering one’s physical or psychological wellbeing. Events = stressors Reaction = stress response

4. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. EXAMPLES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS Major changes - affecting large numbers of people, e.g. war, nuclear accidents, earthquakes. Major changes – affecting the individual e.g. moving to new area,changing jobs, getting married, losing a friend, serious illness Everyday hassles – e.g. losing wallet, stuck in traffic Source of stress within the individual – e.g. conflicting emotions or desires

5. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. CATEGORIES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS Traumatic events = Situations of extreme danger outside the range of normal human experience. e.g. natural disasters, disasters caused by human activity, physical assaults, catastrophic accidents

6. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Traumatic events stages 1.stunned, dazed,  sensory perception 2.passive 3.anxious,  concentration

7. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. CATEGORIES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS Uncontrollable events The more the perception of uncontrollable the greater the perception of stressful Major Minor

8. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. CATEGORIES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS Unpredictable events Severity of stress is reduced by the ability to predict the event Warning signal allow preparation Relax in between

9. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. CATEGORIES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS Challenge our limits Push us to limit of capabilities Challenges our view of self e.g. final exam week Marriage Holmes and Rahe

10. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. CATEGORIES OF STRESSFULL EVENTS Internal conflicts Conscious or unconscious Incompatible goals Inner needs in opposition

11. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. REACTIONS TO STRESS Psychological Anxiety Anger and aggression Apathy and depression Cognitive impairment

12. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. REACTIONS TO STRESS Physiological Fight or flight response General adaptation syndrome Alarm resistance exahaustion Toughness

13. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. EFFECT ON HEALTH Direct – Psycho physiological disorders - immune sytem indirect – health related behaviors

14. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. MANAGING STRESS

15. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Coping problem focused odefine problem ogenerate alternative solution oweighing alternative ochoosing oimplementing selected alternative

16. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Coping emotion focused oused to prevent negative emotions from overwhelming

17. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Coping oBEHAVIORAL oPhysical exercise oAlcohol and drugs oVenting anger oSeeking emotional support

18. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Coping oCOGNITIVE oTemporarily setting the problem aside oReducing the threat by changing the meaning of the situation

19. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Coping Repressive oDeny negative emotions oPush out of conscious awareness oMaladaptive oChronic over arousal

20. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Coping Expressive oExpressing emotion oGood oMakes fears and emotions more concrete oListeners provide social support oTalking help to habituate to trauma

21. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Coping Ruminative oIsolating ourselves to think about how bad we feel oWorrying about consequences of stressful event oRepeatedly talking about how bad things are without trying to change them oMaladaptive

22. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. Coping Seeking emotional support oHelps emoytional and physical adjustment oMore positive physical health oAvoid rumination oMakes stress more bearable o  social ties,  stress related illness o  self esteem ocommunity disasters

23. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES  biofeedback  relaxation training  meditation  exercise

24. Courtesy of National Council on Drug Abuse (NCDA) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS) Jamaica. Please do not reproduce without permission. COGNITIVE TECHNIQUES