1. 400
350
300
250
Death rates per 100,000
200
150
100 50
1900
1930
1960
1990
Year
Heart diseases
Influenza and
Cancer
pneumonia
Stroke
Tuberculosis
Typhoid fever

2. STRESSORS STRESS MEDIATORS STRESS RESPONSES Life changes and
13_01
STRESSORS
STRESS MEDIATORS
STRESS RESPONSES
Life changes and
Cognitive appraisal
Physical
strains
Predictability
Psychological
Catastrophic events
Control
Emotional
Daily hassles
Cognitive
Coping resources
Behavioral
Chronic stressors
and methods
Social support

3. Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion
Level of normal
resistance
Stressor

4. STRESSORS Hypothalamus Pituitary Autonomic nervous Thymus system
13_03
STRESSORS
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thymus
Autonomic nervous
system
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Beta endorphin
(relieves pain)
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Heart and
Lungs
Adrenals
Medulla
Catecholamines
Cortex
Kidneys
Liver
Stomach
Corticosteroids,
including cortisol
(reduce responses
of immune system)
Pancreas
Bone marrow

5. Fig131

6. Fig132

7. InRev13a STRESS RESPONSES AND STRESS MEDIATORS Category Examples
InRev5b
InRev4b
InRev6a
InRev6b
STRESS RESPONSES AND STRESS MEDIATORS
Category
Examples
InRev13a
Responses
Physical
Psychological
Mediators
Appraisal
Predictability
Control
Coping resources
and methods
Social support
Fight-or-flight syndrome (increased heart rate, respiration, and muscle tension, sweating, pupillary dilation; SAM and HPA activation (involving release of catecholamines and corticosteroids); eventual breakdown of organ systems involved in prolonged resistance to stressors.
Emotional: anger, anxiety, depression, and other emotional states. Cognitive: inability to concentrate or think logically, ruminative thinking, catastrophizing. Behavioral: aggression and escape/avoidance tactics (including suicide attempts).
Thinking of a difficult new job as a challenge will create less discomfort than focusing on the threat of failure.
A tornado that strikes without warning may have a more devastating emotional impact than a long-predicted hurricane.
Repairing a disabled spacecraft may be less stressful for the astronauts doing the work than for their loved ones on Earth, who can do nothing to help.
Having no effective way to relax after a hard day may prolong tension and other stress responses.
Having no one to talk to about a rape or other trauma may amplify the negative impact of the experience.

8. Fig133

9. Fig104 1.5 Thinnest 2.0 Moderately below average 1.0 above average
Heaviest
30 percent
of people
Male
Female
Percent of group dying each year

10. Fig13_5

11. Fig135

12. InRev13b METHODS FOR COPING WITH STRESS Type of Coping Method Examples
InRev5a
InRev2a
InRev5b
InRev4b
InRev6a
InRev6b
InRev13a
METHODS FOR COPING WITH STRESS
Type of Coping
Method
InRev13b
Examples
Cognitive
Emotional
Behavioral
Physical
Thinking of stressors as challenges rather than as threats; avoiding perfectionism.
Talking about one’s problems to a friend.
Implementing a time-management plan; where possible, making life changes to eliminate stressors.
Progressive relaxation training, exercise, meditation.

13. LINKAGES
to Health, Stress,
and Coping
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS
OF PSYCHOLOGY
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
Can stress give you the flu? (p. 469)
When do stress responses become mental disorders? (p. 460)
How does stress affect group decision making? (p. 666)