3. Three lines of evidence for the Big Bang: 1) Doppler shift of stars 2) Background microwave radiation 3) Composition of the universe

8. Nucleosynthesis: 1) Stellar nucleosynthesis – makes elements up to iron during last stages of a star 2) Explosive nucleosynthesis – makes elements larger than iron (from free neutrons) during supernova for large stars

9. Nucleosynthesis: H + H  He He + He  Be Be + He  C Be + Be  O Be + O  Mg O + C  Si (etc.)

10. Red Giant Betelgeuse

11. Hourglass Nebula - collapsed white dwarf - gas ejected after red giant phase

12. Death of a star:

13. Helix Nebula - collision of two gas ejections from a dying star

14. Eagle Nebula: - Star birth clouds. UV radiation from nearby hot stars is eroding and condensing clouds of cool hydrogen gas that is an incubator for new stars

16. Helix Nebula – cometary knots

22. Why are compositions of the planets different? 1) Different temperatures in the protoplanetary disk with distance from the sun 2) No solid ices closer than Jupiter

23. Why are compositions of the planets different?

25. Sources for heat of early Earth 1. Impacts of planetesimals 2. Gravitational collapse 3. Compression 4. Radioactive decay of short-lived isotopes 5. Collapse of iron core 6. Impact of proto-moon

30. Sun is 99.85% of mass of the Solar System

32. STRUCTURE OF MERCURY

33. VENUS

38. MARS

40. Mars Exploration Rover 3 cm width Mars Rovers: Spirit and Opportunity

41. Cross Bedding Indicates Surface Water Last Chance MI Crossbeds

42. Mars Once Had Flowing Water

47. Evidence of Weathering Broken Towers

52. ASTEROIDS

53. JUPITER

56. Io (a moon of Jupiter)

58. Europa (a moon of Jupiter)

62. Saturn

64. Saturn as seen from Titan?

65. Titan (a moon of Saturn)

66. A 360-deg panoramic view of the terrain around Huygens' landing site. The white streaks might be a ground 'fog' of methane or ethane vapor. The temperature of the landing site itself was minus 291 degrees F. The soil has the consistency of wet sand or clay and is covered by a thin crust... of something.

67. From an altitude of 16 km, Huygens photographed these drainage channels leading to a shoreline.

68. URANUS

70. NEPTUNE

71. Neptune's moon Triton. The surface is so cold (minus -391  F) that it is mainly nitrogen ice.

73. PLUTO

76. Kuiper Belt