1. Adaptation – learning from case studies for adaptation policies and sustainable development Habiba Gitay World Resources Institute hgitay@wri.org Climate, Energy and Pollution Program World Resources Institute http://www.wri.org

2. WRI What I want to cover…. Human activities Multiple pressures Impacts: Ecosystems, ecosystem services, human well-being Natural and human capital Responses Use this approach to for case studies

3. Human activities Population/demographic Consumption/production Technological changes

4. ^GHG Human activities LULCC

5. ^GHG Human activities LULCC Strat ozone dep Air pollution, aerosols Pers org poll

6. ^GHG Human activities LULCC Strat ozone dep Air pollution, aerosols Pers org poll Climate change

7. ^GHG Land degradation Human activities LULCC Changes in biodiversity Strat ozone dep Air pollution, aerosols Pers org poll Climate change Water degradation

8. Between Climate change, Land degradation, water degradation and loss in biodiversity Linkages…. changes in Biodiversity Land degradation Water degradation Climate change strong medium weak

9. ^GHG Land degradation Human activities LULCC Changes in biodiversity Strat ozone dep Air pollution, aerosols Pers org poll Climate change Water degradation Human well-being Environment sustainability -ve

10. WRI Ecosystem Services The benefits people obtain from ecosystems Regulating Benefits obtained from regulation of ecosystem processes climate regulation disease control flood control detoxification Provisioning Goods produced or provided by ecosystems food fresh water fuel wood fiber biochemicals genetic resources Cultural Non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems spiritual recreational aesthetic inspirational educational communal symbolic Supporting Services that maintain the conditions for life on earth. Soil formation Nutrient cycling Pollination

11. ^GHG Land degradation Human activities LULCC Changes in biodiversity Strat ozone dep Air pollution, aerosols Pers org poll Water degradation -ve Responses to reverse trends and meet sust dev goals Climate change Responses Human well-being Environment sustainability

12. ^GHG Land degradation Human activities LULCC Changes in biodiversity Strat ozone dep Air pollution, aerosols Pers org poll Water degradation -ve Climate change EconomicLegal & institutional Social & behavioural Science, tech & transfer Human well-being Environmental sustainability

13. WRI Economic Legal and institutional Social and Behavioural Science, technology, technology transfer All of these can be part of adaptation Response options for developing policies

14. WRI Multiple stages Initial stage – a set of case studies focused on water and agriculture in specific landscapes Ask a series of questions to analyse what is happening on the ground before going into future planned adaptation (network..) What is our approach…..

15. WRI What is the status of the ecosystems, ecosystem services and human well-being? What are the multiple pressures that affect these landscapes and human societies? How do individuals/households, formal and informal institutions respond to these pressures including climatic extremes? What are the projected changes? (scenarios..) Can the present responses cope with future changes? Adaptation –short-term, medium and long-term Our approach….a series of questions

16. WRI Scenario development Aspiration of people at local level Sustainable development plans at state/regional/national level projections of how pressures (LULCC, population, consumption patterns) are changing, Climate change projections Our approach….scenario and their uses

17. WRI Awareness raising Information – generation and dissemination planning and decision-making private sector??? Tools and methods (maybe) Resources Our approach… future stages…

18. WRI Work in specific landscapes/watersheds Pilots, learning by doing; understand present Inclusion of multiple pressures Climate change exacerbating them – may be dominant in future So in conclusion

19. WRI Consider ecosystem services and tradeoffs between them in space and time Consider developing scenarios/storylines Use adaptation as a vehicle for addressing multiple pressures and maybe indirect drivers (root causes) and moving towards sustainable development In conclusion