1. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/20101 Measurements’ analysis S. Gilardoni, M. Giovannozzi, M. Newman Introduction Techniques, tools Results (selected) Outlook Acknowledgements: G. Arduini, H. Damerau, E. Métral, and OP-PS crew!!!

2. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/20102 Introduction - I Aim of these studies: Optimisation of various parameters Identification of sources (beam dynamics) of trapping fluctuations Instruments used: Mainly transformers in TT2 to evaluate extraction and trapping efficiency BCTFI212: spill shape and total intensity BCT372: total intensity Wire scanner to evaluate islands’ parameters and trapping efficiency Screens in TT2 to evaluate position fluctuations and emittance/sigma variation

3. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/20103 Introduction - II General approach Perform scans over selected parameters Estimate trapping/extraction efficiency Compute average/standard deviation of trapping/extraction vs. parameter tested Evaluate correlation between trapping/extraction efficiencies Evaluate frequencies in time-evolution of trapping/extraction efficiency Plain FFT not always applicable (not evenly-spaced data) Lomb periodogramme used Equivalent to fitting sine/cosine functions to measured data Figure-of-merit function suitable for statistical interpretation: significance level of fit frequencies.

4. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/20104 Introduction - III Key beam/machine parameters Tune: Resonance crossing Control of adiabaticity of whole process Sextupoles/octupoles Islands’ generation SeparationAdiabaticityDamper: Used to increase trapping (by increasing horizontal particles’ amplitude).

5. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/20105 When are the fluctuations generated? – results - I C760 ms Hard multi-Gaussian fit!

6. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/20106 When are the fluctuations generated? – results - I C790 ms Easier multi-Gaussian fit!

7. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/20107 When are the fluctuations generated? - conclusions Taking into account that It is not possible to collect too much statistics with wire scanners The five-Gaussian fit might be hard to perform when the islands are not well separated Then, the fluctuations seem to be generated right at the beginning of the splitting.

8. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/20108 Damper effect Principle: It excites the beam at an harmonic (h) of the betatron frequency It excites the beam at a given tune value In summary: f damper =f rev (h+q x ) Other parameters Kick amplitude Start and end times of excitation Other excitation forms

9. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/20109 Damper effect – results - I Principle: It excites the beam at an harmonic (h) of the betatron frequency It excites the beam at a given tune value In summary: f damper =f rev (h+q x ) Other parameters Kick amplitude Start and end times of excitation Other excitation forms August 4 August 8

10. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201010 Damper effect – results - II Principle: It excites the beam at an harmonic (h) of the betatron frequency It excites the beam at a given tune value In summary: f damper =f rev (h+q x ) Other parameters Kick amplitude Start and end times of excitation Other excitation forms Resonance is crossed around 720 ms

11. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201011 Damper effect – results - III Principle: It excites the beam at an harmonic (h) of the betatron frequency It excites the beam at a given tune value In summary: f damper =f rev (h+q x ) Other parameters Kick amplitude Start and end times of excitation Other excitation forms Broad maximum: length minimised to avoid emittance blow-up

12. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201012 Damper effect – results - IV Principle: It excites the beam at an harmonic (h) of the betatron frequency It excites the beam at a given tune value In summary: f damper =f rev (h+q x ) Other parameters Kick amplitude Start and end times of excitation Other excitation forms Broad maximum: length minimised to avoid emittance blow-up

13. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201013 Damper effect – results - V Principle: It excites the beam at an harmonic (h) of the betatron frequency It excites the beam at a given tune value In summary: f damper =f rev (h+q x ) Other parameters Kick amplitude Start and end times of excitation Other excitation forms Broad maximum: length minimised to avoid emittance blow-up Various configurations of damper ON/OFF: clear impact on trapping; no impact on fluctuations

14. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201014 Damper effect - summary Mild dependence of trapping on h -> selected h=8 Strong dependence of trapping on qx -> selected qx=0.25 Threshold effects on start excitation -> selected 700 ms Broad optimum for excitation length -> selected 40 ms Essentially no impact of other options (type of modulation, slope in qx vs. time) Strong impact on trapping efficiency of damper, but no impact on fluctuations.

15. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201015 Sextupoles/octupoles effect ODEs are used to compensate the non-linear coupling between H/V plane. Sextupoles should not generate negative chromaticity (increasing their strengths reduces chromaticity)!

16. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201016 Sextupoles/octupoles – results - I ODEs are used to compensate the non-linear coupling between H/V plane. Sextupoles should not generate negative chromaticity (increasing their strengths reduces chromaticity)! Change of frequency of fluctuations (rarely seen in the whole measurement campaign)! Limit of negative chromaticity

17. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201017 Sextupoles/octupoles – results - II ODEs are used to compensate the non-linear coupling between H/V plane. Sextupoles should not generate negative chromaticity (increasing their strengths reduces chromaticity)! No trend in frequency of fluctuations. Trapping reduced by reducing strength of OMTs

18. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201018 Sextupoles/octupoles – results - III Not a clear trend and not particularly reproducible…

19. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201019 Sextupoles/octupoles – results - IV Rather broad optimum (around h11=0). No effect on frequencies

20. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201020 Sextupoles/octupoles effect - summary Mild dependence of trapping on OMTs strength at top energy Mild dependence of trapping on OMTs flat top length Broad optimum of h11 around 0. Clear impact of XMT39 strength on trapping and frequencies No strong impact of sectupoles/octupoles on amplitude of fluctuations.

21. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201021 Radial position effect It changes the beam energy Via feed-down tunes and local chromaticities are changed To fix ideas: 1 mm is equivalent to about 6×10 -4  p/p Negative position ->  p/p Large negative second order chromaticity Small negative second order chromaticity

22. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201022 Radial position effect - results Horizontal chromaticity is shifted towards negative values Similar change of frequency as for XMT39! Some reduction of fluctuations amplitude for radial position outside maximum of trapping

23. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201023 Some figures Amplitude of fluctuations is about 3-4%. From the results of the measurements this could be generated by: Fluctuation in the start timing of the damper -> 20 ms Fluctuation in the quadrupoles’ settings to generate a jitter of 20 ms in the resonance crossing timing Fluctuation in the q x value of the damper -> ~2×10 -3 Fluctuation in the quadrupoles’ settings to generate a tune fluctuation Fluctuation in the reference of f rev for the damper -> ~2×10 -4 (assuming h=8) Fluctuation of the radial position -> ~1 mm Fluctuation in beam energy/B field -> 0.6×10 -3 These effects have not been found (yet)

24. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201024 Impact of tune Tune curve 1 Tune curve 2 Tune curve 3 Tune curve 4

25. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201025 Impact of tune variation – results - I Nominal tune curve Tune curve 1 Tune curve 2 Tune curve 3 Tune curve 4 Slower tune variation seems to give smaller fluctuations Palier in tune curve seems to enhance fluctuations To be re-checked…

26. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201026 Impact of intensity To assess the impact of intensity on splitting behaviour: MD1: initial beam used for SPS setting up. Total intensity of about 3-4×10 12 ppp. MD4: intermediate intensity about 1.7-1.8×10 13 ppp. MD4: high intensity about 2.1×10 13 ppp.

27. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201027 Impact of intensity - summary To assess the impact of intensity on splitting behaviour: MD1: initial beam used for SPS setting up. Total intensity of about 3-4×10 12 ppp. MD4: intermediate intensity about 1.7-1.8×10 13 ppp. MD4: high intensity about 2.1×10 13 ppp.

28. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201028 Impact of intensity – results - I MD1 - low intensity MD4 - intermediate intensity MD4 - high intensity Mean19.4918.6319.65 Standard Deviation 0.960.601.22 Kurtosis0.73-0.03-0.35 Skewness-0.44-0.70-0.69 Range9.292.685.14 Minimum13.2217.0116.29 Maximum22.5119.6921.43 Count470362411

29. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201029 Impact of intensity – results - II Some dependence on intensity for the fluctuations’ frequencies

30. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201030 Other checks: magnets pulsing on zero cycle Test to assess impact of MTE elements pulsing on other users. Selected ZERO cycle. Copied:XMTsOMTs Low energy quadrupoles No impact at all on trapping and fluctuations

31. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201031 Other checks: magnets pulsing – results Mild dependence of trapping on OMTs strength at top energy Mild dependence of trapping on OMTs flat top length Broad optimum of h11 around 0. Clear impact of XMT39 strength on trapping and frequencies No strong impact of sectupoles/octupoles on amplitude of fluctuations.

32. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201032 Global overview of studies - I Each colour represents a different study. The sample has not exactly the same size for all studies

33. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201033 Global overview of studies - II No correlation between average trapping and amplitude of fluctuations!

34. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201034 Global overview of studies - III Trapping efficiency 50 s ~1000 s Trapping efficiency

35. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201035 Global overview of studies - III Extraction efficiency 50 s ~1000 s

36. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201036 Global overview of studies - IV

37. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201037 Comments on BCTs in TT2 Devices normally used for MTE studies: PS ring transformer (reference) FBCT in 212 (spill and total intensity) BCT372 (total intensity) Recently additional data should be available: 126, 203, 372 -> spill data All BCTs providing total intensity In principle everything should be logged. Cross-calibration still to be improved Logging to be verified

38. MG - MTE Workshop 24/09/201038 Outlook Detailed studies of the dependence of the trapping on many parameters done. Optimisation done for: damper settings sextupolesoctupoles radial position Still some studies to be performed with the variation of the tune with time. Fluctuations are still there: They seem intrinsic to the splitting process They are not affected by the damper They are generated during the splitting proper Fluctuations amplitude: not particularly affected by the parameters analysed so far Fluctuations frequency: seems to be affected by chromaticity and intensity