1. Pesticides

2. Toxicity Environmental Protection Agency – EPA Has established standards for handling of pesticides

3. Routes poisons enter body Oral contact - mouth Dermal – skin Inhalation – breathing

4. Children Major concern is with swallowing People who apply pesticides are more likely to be affected through inhalation or dermal contact

5. Organophosphates Pass rapidly through the skin Back of hands, wrists, armpits, back of neck, groin and feet

6. Cuts & Scrapes Make entry of chemicals easier

7. Chemicals that vaporize Have strong odor Or is a fine dust or mist Easily inhaled and absorbed through the lungs

8. Types of toxicity Acute How poisonous a pesticide is after a single exposure

9. Acute Pesticides are generally rated according to their acute toxicity

10. Chronic How poisonous a chemical is over a period of time and repeated exposure

11. Chronic Danger in chemicals that accumulate in the body DDT is an example of one of these chemicals, it is banned in the US

12. Measuring Acute Toxicity Oral and Dermal LD50 stands for Lethal dose Amount to cause death

13. LD50 50 means that 50% of test animals were killed by this dose

14. LD50 The lower the LD50 number of a chemical is the more poisonous it it

15. LD50 Values are given in milligrams of substance per kilogram of test animal body weight Ie: parts per million

16. Inhalation Toxicity LC50 Lethal Concentration Values are measured in milligrams per liter

17. Chronic Toxicity No standard measure

18. Label Info Mixing information Follow the directions! Name and address of manufacturer

19. Label Info Trade name, may not be the same as the chemical name Active ingredients

20. Label Info Type of pesticide – insecticide, fungicide Form – dust, wettable powder, emulsion

21. Label Info EPA registration number Storage and disposal precautions Hazard statement

22. Label Info Directions for use Net concentrate

23. Signal Words Alert the user to the toxicity of the pesticide There are four categories

24. Highly Toxic Danger Skull and crossbones required on label

25. Moderately Toxic Warning

26. Slightly Toxic Caution

27. Relatively Non-Toxic Caution or no signal word required on label

28. Safety Precautions Read label carefully Check recommended use, be certain that you are using the chemical for the correct use

29. Safety Precautions Have clean water and detergents available to wash spills

30. Safety Precautions Wear protective clothing Rubber gloves, a respirator, and any other protective gear called for on the label

31. Safety precautions Some chemicals require complete coverage of the body by waterproof material

32. Safety Precautions Use extra caution with concentrated chemicals Considered concentrated before mixing or diluting with water or dust

33. Safety Precautions Apply the chemical with care Always mix just enough for the job at hand

34. Safety Precautions Guard against inhalation or swallowing Never eat or smoke while handling a pesticide

35. Weather Do not apply in wind or rain Do not spray where chemical could drift into lakes or streams or apiaries (bee hives)

36. Weather Some pesticides are temperature specific Check the label

37. Storage and Disposal Store and dispose of empty containers properly

38. Storage and Disposal In original container Locked up Away from children and animals

39. Storage and Disposal Check local regulations before disposing of chemicals or containers

40. Pesticide Poisoning Dilution of the poison is the most important first aid practice

41. Pesticide Poisoning If spilled, remove contaminated clothing immediately and wash thoroughly

42. First Aid Telephone Dr or medical facility For pesticides spilled on skin, wash with plenty of soap and water to dilute chemical

43. First Aid Remove contaminated clothing Shower, dry and wrap or dress victim in warm blankets or clothing

44. First Aid Cover any chemical burns with loose, soft, clean cloth

45. First Aid For eye poisoning, hold the eye open and flush with clean water for at least five minutes

46. First Aid For inhaled poisons, carry victim to fresh air, do not allow victim to walk Losen clothing, apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped

47. First Aid Keep patient quiet Do not give alcohol Label may include additional information

48. First Aid Follow the directions of the medical professional that you contacted

49. What is an insect Small animal with three clearly defined body regions and three pairs of legs

50. Body regions Head Throat Abdomen

51. Insects Proper identification of insects in an important first step in insect control

52. Chemical free control Many insects are controlled by natural enemies such as diseases or other insects

53. Integrated Pest Management Uses more than one control practice Plant rotation Natural enemies Chemicals – not used until pest damage builds up to economic loss levels.

54. How insecticides kill Stomach poisons – as the insect eats the plant it is poisoned through the stomach

55. Contact Poisons Kill the insect when they are hit with or come into contact with the poison

56. Systemic Poisons Enter the plant sap and move through the entire plant When insects eat or suck juices from the plant they are killed

57. Fumigants Contact poisons applied in a gaseous form Fumes kill the insect after entering its system through breathing pores

58. Repellants Generally do not kill but drive insects away before they attack the plant

59. Repellents Aluminum foil Marigolds Garlic

60. Attractants Lure insects to their death

61. Chemical make up Inorganic compounds Of mineral origin A mineral is used as the basis for the poison Usually stomach poisons

62. Organic Compounds Those derived from plants Usually stomach or contact poisons

63. Application Dusts Applied with a duster Tend to blow or drift

64. Wettable powders Resemble dusts Are concentrated and must be diluted with water before application

65. Wettable powders Tend to settle Must be mixed frequently during application

66. Emulsifiable concentrates Liquids mixed with water Shelf life is longer than dusts or wettable powders

67. Granules In the form of pellets Spread on the soil surface and penetrate soil after the application of water

68. Granules Systemic or fumigants

69. Baits Poisons that attract insects Pest eats the bait and dies

70. Aerosols In pressurized cans Ready to use Do not need dilution

71. Plants as repellants Some plants can help to prevent the attack of insects on other plants

72. Plants as repellants Marigolds Garlic Sage Horseradish Mint

73. Fungicides Used to control plant diseases which are caused by fungi

74. Fungi Tiny non green plants rusts, molds, mildews and smut Lack chlorophyll and live as parasites on green plants

75. Toxicity Generally not as toxic to humans as insecticides

76. Rodenticides Chemicals used to control rats, mice and other rodents and bats

77. Rodenticides Most are stomach poisons Applied as bait Common poison is Warfarin – and anticoagulant Keeps the blood from clotting

78. Warfarin Animals bleed to death internally or from small scrapes

79. Molluscicides Used to control snails and slugs Applied as a bait or contact poisons

80. Nematocides Control nematodes Small hairlike worms that feed on plant roots

81. Nematocides Fumigants Must contact nematode as a gas or liquid passing through the soil

82. Herbicide Chemical that kills unwanted plants or weeds

83. Weed Plant that is growing where it is not wanted

84. Types Nonselective – kill all plants to which they are applied.

85. Selective Kill some plants but not all Largest group of weed killers

86. Effects of Herbicides Upset the metabolism or life functions of the plant Either starves to death or wears itself out due to increased rate of activity within the system

87. Application Sprayed on or applies already mixed in fertilizers or in granules Using a nozzle that sprays large droplets can reduce drift to non target plants

88. Time of application Preplanting Pre-emergence Post-emergence

89. Calibration Sprayer must be properly calibrated or adjusted before use to insure that the proper amount of chemical is applied

90. Breakdown of herbicide Most are broken down in soil by microorganisms Half life for various chemicals varies from a few weeks to years. Check the label!