1. The Future in Solar Panels Dane Goodman & Samuel Oyen

2. Table of Contents I.World Record Efficiency II.Thermal Emitters III.Calculations IV.Energy Consumption Graph V.Solar Landmass Graph VI.Solar Collection in Germany VII.Sources

3. World Record Efficiency 44.7 % Efficiency The Fraunhofer Institute (Berlin) Uses concentrator photovoltaics Confirms accelerating trends

4. Fraunhofer’s Solar Cell Constructed with wafer bonding technology 4 solar subcell structure III-V semi- conductors

5. Fraunhofer’s Solar Cell

6. Thermal Emitters Silicon semiconductors can only absorb infrared light New research: thermophotovoltaic technology consisting of an absorber and nanostructured tungsten emitter Allows utilization of the visible spectrum of light Estimates indicate an increase of solar efficiency to as high as 80%

7. Tungsten emitter coated in a nanolayer of ceramic hafnium dioxide “Remains stable at temperatures as high as 2500 F” Unprotected Tungsten (1200 o C)

8. Global Solar Panel Requirements: Calculations Assumptions 660 ZJ/yr. useful solar energy available on Earth 329 GJ/yr. energy consumption per person UN Population Division population estimates 2012 maximum commercial collector efficiency Fraunhofer ISE 2013 world record efficiency Potential efficiency with nano-material thermal emitters Carnot limit for solar efficiency $7/watt installed cost of solar panels

9. A Solar Planet YearGlobal Population Global Energy Consumption (ZJ/yr.) Collector Efficiency (%) Energy Collected (ZJ/yr.) Global Landmass Covered (%) Cost ($) 20116,997,998,7602.30215992.3252.197E+16 20116,997,998,7602.30227178.21.2923.955E+16 20147,220,953,1012.37615992.4002.197E+16 20147,220,953,1012.37627178.21.3333.955E+16 20147,220,953,1012.37644.72950.8056.548E+16 20308,424,937,4742.77215992.8002.197E+16 20308,424,937,4742.77244.72950.9406.548E+16 20308,424,937,4742.772805280.5251.172E+17 20308,424,937,4742.77286567.60.4884.844E+17 20509,550,944,8913.14215993.1742.197E+16 20509,550,944,8913.14244.72951.0656.548E+16 20509,550,944,8913.142805280.5951.172E+17 20509,550,944,8913.14286567.60.5544.844E+17

10. Global Energy Consumption Year Energy Consumed (ZJ/yr.)

12. Solar Collection in Germany 400 MW per million people, number one in the world 130 gigawatts of PV power in world, 35 in Germany 7% of Germany’s electricity from solar power Goal of 80% renewable energies by 2050

13. Sources Calculations Hubbert, Energy Resources, pg. 4 http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=85&t=1 http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_history3.aspx http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ http://sroeco.com/solar/most-efficient-solar-panels http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press-and-media/press- releases/presseinformationen-2013/world-record-solar-cell-with-44.7-efficiency http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/168811-new-nano-material-could-boost-solar- panel-efficiency-as-high-as-80 http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/catching-energy-from-the- sun/ http://solarpowerauthority.com/how-much-does-it-cost-to-install-solar-on-an-average- us-house/ Other http://cleantechnica.com/2013/10/19/vastly-improved-solar-cells-use-new-heat- resistant-materials/ http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/11/business/energy-environment/solar-power- begins-to-shine-as-environmental-benefits-pay-off.html?_r=0

14. Thank You