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Irfan Ullah Department of Information and Communication Engineering Myongji university, Yongin, South Korea Copyright © solarlits.com
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o Introduction o MPEG-1 o MPEG-2 o MPEG-4 o MPEG-7 o MPEG-V
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o Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) o Standards for audio and video compression and transmission
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“Standard for lossy compression of video and audio” o Compresses at 1.5 Mbit/s o Parts 1) Systems (storage and synchronization) o Elementary streams o Program streams o Multiplexing 2) Video (compressed video content) o Color space to Y'CbCr (Y'=Luma, Cb=Chroma Blue, Cr=Chroma Red) o Resolution/Bitrate (352x240, 352x288, or 320x240 but supports 4095×4095, 100 Mbit/s) o Frame/picture o Macroblocks (8x8 blocks for quantization) o Motion vectors (To remove some movement information by motion estimation in encoder) File extensions.mpg,.mpeg,.mp1,.mp2,.mp3,.m1v,.m1a,.m2a,.mpa,.mpv
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o Forward Discrete Cosine Transform (FDCT) o 8x8 block pixel values into 8x8 indexed array of frequency coefficient values o DC coefficient and AC coefficients o Quantization o Finding the nearest multiple, and discarding the remainder/modulus o Entropy coding o Run-length encoding o Huffman Coding
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Picture divided into 16x16 Macroblocks 8x8 subblocks of a MB DCT Quant. 4 Luma, 2 Chroma Blocks Huffman Coding Bitstream 0011100111011 1
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I - Frame Predictively coded Frame => encoded with reference to previous Frame B - Frame Intra coded Frame => encoded without reference to other Frame P - Frame
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B-Frame Future Frame Entropy Decoding Dequantize IDCT 101000101 Prev Frame + AVG
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3) Audio (compressed audio content) o Psychoacoustics (remove that sound which we can’t hear ) o Channel Encoding o Layer I (.mp1.m1a) o Layer II (MP3, AAC) 4) Conformance testing o Provides two sets of guidelines and reference bitstreams for testing 5) Reference software o C reference code for encoding and decoding of audio and video Apple released AAC
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o Channel Mono and stereo Joint Stereo – intensity encoded Joint Stereo – M/S encoded for Layer 3 only Dual (two uncorrelated mono channels) Sampling rates: 32000, 44100, and 48000 Hz Bitrates: 32, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 320 and 384 kbit/s o Applications o Video CD (VCD) o Super Video CD o DVD-Video o MP3 CD o Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) o Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) o Digital audio devices
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“The generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information” o Up to 20Mbit/s and 60 frames per second 1. System o MPEG transport stream o MPEG program stream 2. Video ( Not less than 1 Mbit/s) 3. Audio o up to 5.1 multichannel o More bitrate for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III
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Encoding / Decoding MSU Lossless Video Codec Developed by the Graphics & Media Lab Video Group of Moscow State University
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4. Describes procedures for testing compliance 5. Describes systems for Software simulation 6. Describes extensions for DSM-CC (Digital Storage Media Command and Control) 7. Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) 8. Dropped 9. Extension for real time interfaces 10. Conformance extensions for DSM-CC 11. Intellectual property management (IPMP) MPEG-2 Elementary Encoder Packetizer Systems Layer MUX Transport Stream Video Source Audio Source MPEG encoded streams Data Source Packetizer
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Applications DVD-Video 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × 240 pixel (NTSC) 720 × 576, 704 × 576, 352 × 576, 352 × 288 pixel (PAL) Video peak 9.8 Mbit/s Total peak 10.08 Mbit/s Minimum 300 kbit/s HDV (High-definition video) MOD and TOD (Recording formats for camcorders) DVB For HDTV 720 x 576 x 50 frame/s progressive (576p50) 1280 x 720 x 25 or 50 frame/s progressive (720p50) 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s progressive (1080p25 = film mode) 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s interlace (1080i50)
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“Multimedia content description standard” o Enables easier accessing, locating, navigating, searching, and managing audiovisual information. o Attaching metadata to multimedia content o XML to store Metadata o MPEG-4 + MPEG-7 = MPEG-47
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Extensible Markup Language (XML) “Set of rules for encoding documents in machine-readable form” Metadeta Descriptive metadata Describes information such as title, author, and abstract. Structural metadata Relationships within and among objects Administrative metadata Manage information resources through elements such as version number, archiving date, rights management and preservation Names of Metadata NISO MIX (Manage digital image collections) DOI (Digital object identifier)
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o Enables easier accessing, locating, navigating, searching, and managing audiovisual information. o Attaching metadata to multimedia content o MPEG-4 + MPEG-7 = MPEG-47
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Main elements
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IBM MPEG-7 annotation tool Ricoh MPEG-7 movie tool Cannon MPEG-7 spoken content transcriptor service Singingfish multimedia search
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Applications
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“Open framework for multimedia applications” o The technology needed to support users to exchange, access, consume, trade or manipulate Digital Items in an efficient and transparent way. o Concept o Definition of a Digital Item (a fundamental unit of distribution and transaction) o Users interacting with Digital Items
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o Part 2: DIDL – representation of digital objects o Part 3: DII – identification of digital objects o Part 4: IPMP – enforcement of rights expressions o Part 5: REL – declaration of rights expressions o Part 7: DIA – transcoding based on contextual information o Part 10: DIP – association of behaviors
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“Media Context & Control”
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o Part 1. Architecture o Part 2. Control Information o Part 3. Sensory Information o Part 4. Virtual World Object Characteristics o Part 5. Data Formats for Interaction Device o Part 6. Reference Software
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MPEG Standards Bit-rateUsage MPEG-11.5MbpsVCD MPEG-23-45 Mbps DVD, SVCD, HDTV MPEG-4ScalableQuickTime, DivX H.264/AVC Scalable, ½ orig. MPEG-4 AVCHD, Cable TV, YouTube, … H.265/HEVC Scalable, ½ H.264 Next generation
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