1. Organic Chemistry Zumdahl Chapter 22

2. Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are molecules composed of carbon & hydrogen –Each carbon atom forms 4 chemical bonds –A saturated hydrocarbon is one where all C - C bonds are “single” bonds & the molecule contains the maximum number of H-atoms –Saturated hydrocarbons are called ALKANES

3. Normal vs Branched Alkanes NORMAL alkanes consist of continuous chains of carbon atoms Alkanes that are NOT continuous chains of carbon atoms contain branches The longest continuous chain of carbons is called the parent chain

4. Structural Isomerism Structural isomers are molecules with the same chemical formulas but different molecular structures - different “ connectivity ”. They arise because of the many ways to create branched hydrocarbons. a.k.a. “ Constitutional Isomers ” n-pentane, C 5 H 12 2-methlbutane, C 5 H 12

5. The First 10 “Normal” Alkanes NameFormulaM.P.B.P.# Structural Isomers MethaneCH 4 -183-1621 EthaneC 2 H 6 -172-891 PropaneC 3 H 8 -187-421 ButaneC 4 H 10 -138 02 PentaneC 5 H 12 -130 363 HexaneC 6 H 14 -95 685 HeptaneC 7 H 16 -91 989 OctaneC 8 H 18 -5712618 NonaneC 9 H 20 -5415135 DecaneC 10 H 22 -3017475 C1 - C4 are Gases at Room Temperature C5 - C16 are Liquids at Room Temperature

6. IUPAC Rules for Naming Branched Alkanes –Find and name the parent chain –Find and name the parent chain in the hydrocarbon - this forms the root of the hydrocarbon name –Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain –Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain starting at the end closest to the branching –Name alkane branches –Name alkane branches by dropping the “ane” from the names and adding “yl”. A one-carbon branch is called “methyl”, a two-carbon branch is “ethyl”, etc… alphabetically –When there are more than one type of branch (ethyl and methyl, for example), they are named alphabetically use prefixes –Finally, use prefixes to indicate multiple branches

7. 2,2-dimethylpentane Example 1: 2,2-dimethylpentane pentaneThe parent chain is indicated by the ROOT of the name - “pentane”. This means there are 5 carbons in the parent chain. dimethyl“dimethyl” tells us that there are TWO methyl branches on the parent chain. A methyl branch is made of a single carbon atom. 2,2“2,2-” tell us that BOTH methyl branches are on the second carbon atom in the parent chain. 1 2 3 4 5

8. 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethylheptane Example 2: 3-ethyl-2,4-dimethylheptane heptaneThe parent chain is indicated by the ROOT of the name - “heptane”. This means there are 7 carbons in the parent chain. 2,4-dimethyl“2,4-dimethyl” tells us there are TWO methyl branches on the parent chain, at carbons #2 and #4. 3-ethyl“3-ethyl-” tell us there is an ethyl branch (2-carbon branch) on carbon #3 of the parent chain. 1 2 3 4 5 7 6

9. 2,3,3-trimethyl-4-propyloctane Example 3: 2,3,3-trimethyl-4-propyloctane octaneThe parent chain is indicated by the ROOT of the name - “octane”. This means there are 8 carbons in the parent chain. 2,3,3-trimethyl“2,3,3-trimethyl” tells us there are THREE methyl branches - one on carbon #2 and two on carbon #3. 4-propyl“4-propyl-” tell us there is a propyl branch (3-carbon branch) on carbon #4 of the parent chain. 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8

10. Example 4: Name the molecules shown! parent chain has 5 carbons - “pentane” two methyl branches - start counting from the right - #2 and #3 2,3-dimethylpentane 2,3-dimethylpentane parent chain has 8 carbons - “octane” two methyl branches - start counting from the left - #3 and #4 one ethyl branch - #5 name branches alphabetically 3,4-dimethyl 4 3 octane 5 5-ethyl-

11. HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT Read Zumdahl section 22-1 Read Zumdahl section 22-1 –make notes on REACTIONS OF ALKANES and on CYCLIC ALKANES –Copy table 22.2 on page 1040 –Pay attention to sample exercises! Answer end-of-chapter problems Answer end-of-chapter problems : 15, 16, 17, 18

12. Alkanes Review - Cycloalkanes A cycloalkane is made of a hydrocarbon chain that has been joined to make a “ring”. Note that two hydrogen atoms were lost in forming the ring! What is the general formula for a cycloalkane?

13. Other Cycloalkanes Angle (ring) Strain Angle (ring) Strain - results from compression of the internal bond angles. Cyclopropane has the greatest angle strain (60° bond angles) while the strain is eliminated in cyclohexane. Torsional Strain conformation Torsional Strain - a barrier to free rotation around single bonds, due to the eclipsing of atoms in a molecule. This results when atoms are brought too close together in a particular conformation of a molecule.

14. Cycloalkanes: Cis-Trans Isomerism 1,2-dimethylcycloalkane GEOMETRIC ISOMERISMConsider 1,2-dimethylcycloalkane - a molecule that illustrates GEOMETRIC ISOMERISM - compounds with the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ in their geometries. The molecule on the left shows the two methyl branches on OPPOSITE SIDES of the ring. The molecule on the right shows the two methyl branches on the SAME SIDE of the ring. Trans -1,2-dimethylcyclopentane Cis -1,2-dimethylcyclopentane The Trans-isomer is the molecule with branches on OPPOSITE sides of the ring The Cis-isomer is the molecule with branches on the SAME SIDE of the ring. Cis-Trans isomerism is one type of geometric isomerism

15. Cis-Trans Isomers - Examples cis-1,3-dimethylcyclobutane 1-chloro-1-methylcyclohexane cis-1,2-dichlorocyclohexane trans-1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopropane

16. Cyclohexane - Boat & Chair Conformations Cyclohexane is NOT a planar molecule. To achieve its 109.5° bond angles and reduce angle strain, it adopts several different conformations. BOATCHAIR The BOAT and CHAIR (99%) are two conformations

17. Alkenes & Alkynes double bondAlkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond triple bondAlkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon triple bond The suffix for the parent chains are changed from “ane” to “ene” and “yne” –e.g. ethene, propyne Where it is ambiguous, the BONDS are numbered like branches so that the location of the multiple bond may be indicated

18. Alkenes & Alkynes: Examples etheneethynepropene propyne1-butene2-pentyne

19. Cis-Trans Isomerism…Again! Like rings, alkenes and alkynes show restricted rotation - this time about the multiple bonds Because of the 120° bond angles in alkenes, cis-trans isomerism is possible –If one of the carbons in the double bond have two of the same substituents, there is NO cis-trans isomerism! –Remember that “trans” means opposite sides of the double bond and “cis” means the same side of the bond! –Use molar mass to prioritize the substituents to decide cis-trans isomerism

20. Name those alkenes... cis-4-methyl-2-pentene 2-methyl-2-hexene cyclopentene cis-3-heptene trans-2-bromo-3-methyl- 2-pentene

21. Homework Assignment READ sections 22.2 (Alkenes & Alkynes), 22.3 (Aromatic Hydrocarbons) and 22.4 (The Petrochemical industry) –Don’t get hung up on “  and  bonds” –Copy figure 22.11 and 22.12 –Summarize the use of ortho, meta, para prefixes when naming benzene derivatives –Make notes on section 22.4 - the Petrochemical Industry Complete Questions 19 - 25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 54 - 56