1. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION by Steven S. Zumdahl University of Illinois

2. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 2 Chemistry FIFTH EDITION Chapter 22 Organic Chemistry

3. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 3 Organic Chemistry The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties. The vast majority of organic compounds contain chains of rings of carbon atoms.

4. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4 Hydrocarbons... compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen. Saturated: carbon-carbon bonds are all single - alkanes [C n H 2n+2 ]

5. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5 Figure 22.1 The C  H Bonds in Methane

6. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 Rules for Naming Alkanes 1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons. C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane 2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add - yl. -C 2 H 5 is ethyl

7. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7 Figure 22.2 The Ethane Structure

8. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 8 Figure 22.3 The Propane and Butane Structures

9. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 9 Figure 22.4 Normal Pentane

10. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 10 Rules for Naming Alkanes 1. For alkanes beyond butane, add -ane to the Greek root for the number of carbons. C-C-C-C-C-C = hexane 2. Alkyl substituents: drop the -ane and add - yl. -C 2 H 5 is ethyl

11. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 11 Rules for Naming Alkanes 3.Positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain sequentially. C  C-C-C-C-C-C 3-methylhexane 4.Location and name are followed by root alkane name. Substituents in alphabetical order and use di-, tri-, etc.

12. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 Substitution Reactions Primarily where halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms.

13. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 Cyclic Alkanes Carbon atoms can form rings containing only carbon-carbon single bonds. C 3 H 6, C 4 H 8, C 6 H 12

14. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 14 Figure 22.5 Cyclopropane Structure and Bonding

15. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 15 Figure 22.6 The (a) Chair and (b) Boat Forms of Cyclohexane

16. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 16 Hydrocarbons (continued ) Unsaturated: contains carbon-carbon multiple bonds.

17. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 17 Figure 22.7 The Bonding in Ethylene

18. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 18 Figure 22.8 The Bonding in Ethane

19. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19 Figure 22.9 The Two Stereoisomers of 2-Butene

20. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 20 Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes: hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon double bond. [C n H 2n ] C  C=C propene Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing a carbon- carbon triple bond. C  C  C  C  C 2-pentyne

21. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 21 Figure 22.10 The Bonding in Acetylene

22. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 22 Nomenclature for Alkenes 1.Root hydrocarbon name ends in -ene C 2 H 4 is ethene 2.With more than 3 carbons, double bond is indicated by the lowest numbered carbon atom in the bond. C=C  C  C is 1-butene

23. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 23 Addition Reactions...in which (weaker)  bonds are broken and new (stronger)  bonds are formed to atoms being added.

24. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 24 Aromatic Hydrocarbons A special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons. + Cl 2 + HCl benzeneChlorobenzene

25. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 25 Figure 22.11 Benzene

26. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula HalohydrocarbonsR  X AlcoholsR  OH EthersR  O  R Aldehydes

27. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 27 The Common Functional Groups ClassGeneral Formula Ketones Carboxylic Acids Esters AminesR  NH 2

28. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 28 Figure 22.14 Some Common Ketones and Aldehydes

29. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 29 Figure 22.15 Some Carboxylic Acids

30. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 30 Figure 22.16 The General Formulas for Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Amines

31. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 31 Polymers...are large, usually chainlike molecules that are built from small molecules called monomers. MonomerPolymer EthylenePolyethylene Vinyl chloridePolyvinyl chloride TetrafluoroethyleneTeflon

32. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 32 Types of Polymerization Addition Polymerization: monomers “add together” to form the polymer, with no other products. (Teflon) Condensation Polymerization: A small molecule, such as water, is formed for each extension of the polymer chain. (Nylon)

33. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 33 Figure 22.18 Nylon

34. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 34 Figure 22.19 HDPE

35. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 35 Figure 22.20 The Combustion of a Polymer

36. Copyright©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 36 Figure 22.13 Some Uses of Ethylene