2. Why do people fight? Imagine you are a character in one of these pictures. You have traveled thousands of miles and are now in a brutal battle. Why are you willing to fight and maybe die? What could possibly motivate you to take on this challenge?

3. Reasons Europeans were willing to fight in the Crusades Desire to take control of Jerusalem away from Muslims Desire to take control of Jerusalem away from Muslims Belief that fighting in a crusade would give you forgiveness of sins Belief that fighting in a crusade would give you forgiveness of sins An opportunity for younger sons of nobles to get new land in the Middle East An opportunity for younger sons of nobles to get new land in the Middle East Desire to defend Byzantine empire from the Turks Desire to defend Byzantine empire from the Turks Possibility of opening new trade routes to the east Possibility of opening new trade routes to the east

4. 1. What 3 religions lay claim to Jerusalem? 1. What 3 religions lay claim to Jerusalem? 2. Who controlled Jerusalem at the beginning of the first Crusade? 2. Who controlled Jerusalem at the beginning of the first Crusade? 3. How many Christian soldiers gathered to fight in the first Crusade? 3. How many Christian soldiers gathered to fight in the first Crusade? 4.What is the name of the Pope who gathered soldiers for the Crusades? 4.What is the name of the Pope who gathered soldiers for the Crusades? 5. What is the name of the Byzantine emperor who asked for help from the pope? 5. What is the name of the Byzantine emperor who asked for help from the pope?

5. 6. Besides religion and ideology, what was the motivation for going on the Crusade? (2 things) 6. Besides religion and ideology, what was the motivation for going on the Crusade? (2 things) 7. Which of the ten commandments were knights able to ignore? 7. Which of the ten commandments were knights able to ignore? 8. What group of people were the first to feel the cruelty of the Crusaders? 8. What group of people were the first to feel the cruelty of the Crusaders? 9. Who often came along with the Crusaders? 9. Who often came along with the Crusaders? 10. What did the Byzantine emperor make the Crusade leaders do before they fought? 10. What did the Byzantine emperor make the Crusade leaders do before they fought?

7. The Crusades Starting in 1095 and ending in 1272, there were 9 Crusades – or religious wars, fought by European Christians against Muslims from the Middle East. The goal was to take back the Holy Land of Jerusalem.

8. Christian Pilgrims make their way to the Holy Land.

10. 1 st Crusade The 1 st Crusade started when Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for help in fighting the Seljuk Turks (who had destroyed churches, tortured pilgrims, and marched on Constantinople). Urban gathered 60,000 men to fight a holy war against the Muslims and take Jerusalem. The 1 st Crusade started when Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for help in fighting the Seljuk Turks (who had destroyed churches, tortured pilgrims, and marched on Constantinople). Urban gathered 60,000 men to fight a holy war against the Muslims and take Jerusalem.

11. 2 nd Crusade The Catholic Crusaders were successful in taking Jerusalem in the 1 st Crusade, but things changed in the 2 nd Crusade. The Muslims organized themselves for a Jihad.

12. The Rise of Salah-al-din Known as Saladin to Europeans, this man was able to unify Muslims in the region to retake Jerusalem back from the Crusaders in 1187. News of his victories made their way back to Europe. Known as Saladin to Europeans, this man was able to unify Muslims in the region to retake Jerusalem back from the Crusaders in 1187. News of his victories made their way back to Europe. After the fall of Jerusalem the pope called for another Crusade. Many of Europe’s most powerful leaders went to fight, including a man named Richard the Lion-Hearted.

13. Richard and the 3 rd Crusade Richard the Lion- Hearted and Saladin fought each other many times over a 3 year period, and the men developed a deep respect for each other. Richard the Lion- Hearted and Saladin fought each other many times over a 3 year period, and the men developed a deep respect for each other. In the 3 rd Crusade, the Europeans were able to win many battles, but they were never able to retake Jerusalem. Richard and Saladin signed a treaty allowing Christians to enter the city for worship.

14. End of the Crusades There were 6 more Crusades over the next 80 or so years. The Europeans never retook Jerusalem. The lasting legacies of the Crusades are increased trade between east and west and hostility toward non-Christian groups in Europe. There were 6 more Crusades over the next 80 or so years. The Europeans never retook Jerusalem. The lasting legacies of the Crusades are increased trade between east and west and hostility toward non-Christian groups in Europe.

15. Legacy of the Crusades Crusaders learned of Muslim innovations in architecture, science and medicine. New trade routes and exciting new goods were discovered. Prepared Europe for the discoveries and innovations of the modern age.

16. there was much worse to come The same door that closed the Crusades opened another path leading down one of the darkest stretches of European history. The series of wars which erupted soon thereafter amongst the nations of Europe—the most notable of them was the Hundred Years War between France and England—these, combined with the Black Death to make for dismal days. As it turned out, the Crusades were not, in fact, the main event in medieval history but a warm- up to the real "dance of death," lying in wait…there was much worse to come.

17. In groups, discuss this question: In groups, discuss this question: What lasting effects might the Crusades still have in the Middle East today? What lasting effects might the Crusades still have in the Middle East today?