1. Persecutions & Heresies

2. Persecutions & Progress Church grew quickly Church grew quickly Persecutions, imprisonment, martyrdom Persecutions, imprisonment, martyrdom Even St. Paul was a persecutor Even St. Paul was a persecutor Even the Romans considered Christians a threat to the established order Even the Romans considered Christians a threat to the established order –Worship of many gods – including the emperor –Jews received exemption – did not apply to the Christians

3. –Easy scapegoats when turmoil occurred –Often martyred rather than renounce Faith The Blood of the Martyrs The Blood of the Martyrs –Christians deemed atheists and cannibals –Blamed for earthquakes, fire, plagues –Nero  Fire in Rome  Blamed Christians  Martyred Paul and Peter  Public recreation  Continued under Domitian  Others like Trajan did not hunt down Christians

4.  Diocletian- worst persecutions – decided to eradicate Christians –Seized property, sacred books –The Seed of the Church  Tertullian – “the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church”  Stood out for their love and care for the poor  Appealed to intellectuals and those of good will –Reasons for the growth  Christian evangelists  Gentiles open to it  Common language  Roman roads  Constant ships to other lands  Pax Romana- Roman Peace- 2 centuries

5. Early Christian Worship Sunday – official day of rest and worship for Christians Sunday – official day of rest and worship for Christians –Easter –Pentecost Eucharist was the heart Eucharist was the heart Gathered in homes Gathered in homes Liturgy of the Word Liturgy of the Word –Old testament –Often sang Psalms –Letters from Paul or Peter –Talk by presider and prayers for the community

6. Liturgy of the Eucharist Liturgy of the Eucharist –Someone brings bread, water, wine –Presider takes them and offers glory to the Father –Deacons give the eucharist to those present The Collection The Collection –Council of Jerusalem –”be mindful of the poor” –Even left over gifts were given to the presider and distributed to the poor (food & money) –Romans provided no pensions or retirement - begging

7. The Didache or The Teaching of the 12 Apostles The Didache or The Teaching of the 12 Apostles –Gives instructions on the Eucharist

8. The Early Apologists Apologists Apologists –Writers and Philosophers –To show that Christianity was reasonable, creditable, respectable –Apology (Greek) – a defense of a belief or a way of life St. Ignatius of Antioch St. Ignatius of Antioch –Refused to renounce his faith –Called the Way = Christians

9. –Wrote letters of encouragement & instruction to Christians of Asia Minor & Greece  Remain faithful to apostolic teaching  Bishops are successors to the Apostles St. Irenaeus St. Irenaeus –Combated Gnosticism –Gnosticism  Knowledge would earn us salvation  Salvation was for a chosen few  Led to denial of human nature of Jesus

10. Authority in the Church Peter- the first Pope Peter- the first Pope –Peter & Paul hard at work spreading the Gospel  Peter – mainly Jews  Gospels not yet written  The keys to the Kingdom  Peter emerged as Bishop of Rome – primacy over all bishops –See (seat) of Peter –Head of the college of bishops

11. –Vicar of Christ and Pastor (shepherd) –Eventually called Pope- father –Constantine moved capital to Constantinople –Church remained in Rome Letters to Timothy Letters to Timothy –Bishops, priests, deacons –No seminaries –Learned from their family –Community judged him worthy –Laying on of hands

12. Deacons Deacons –Stephen – first Christian martyr –Help the Apostles- widows, orphans, poor –Vatican II reestablished deacons Roles of Bishops and Presbyters Roles of Bishops and Presbyters –Delegate their helpers –Presbyters and deacons share in the mission of the Church but lack the authority

13. Constantine & the Edict of Milan

14. Emperor Constantius died in 306 – Constantine chosen an Emperor Emperor Constantius died in 306 – Constantine chosen an Emperor Faced opposition when he reached Rome Faced opposition when he reached Rome Had a dream- saw Chi-Rho on banners & shields of soldiers Had a dream- saw Chi-Rho on banners & shields of soldiers Won the battle- became Emperor Won the battle- became Emperor Christianity Legalized Christianity Legalized –313- Edict of Milan –Religious tolerance –Practice faith freely

15. –New privileges  Clergy exempt from taxes  Christian property returned  Building of churches Changes in Worship Changes in Worship –Churches not homes –Eucharistic celebrations for whole congregations –Churches modeled after basilicas Worship in East and West Worship in East and West –Constantine became Emperor of East and West

16. –Moved to Byzantium – became Constantinople (now Istanbul) –Different styles of celebrating the Eucharist and architecture –Essential elements of liturgy the same

17. Fathers of the Church Fathers Fathers –Shaped the direction of the Church for the future –Theological positions within accepted doctrine –Writings and teachings approved by the Church

18.  best remembered for his role in the conflict with Arius and Arianism  Bishop of Alexandria  Athanasian Creed is based on his teachings  Exiled several times for his opposition to Arianism  Arius- Christ not fully God St Athanasius

19. –St. Ambrose  Opposed the resurgence of paganism  Tutor of St Augustine

20. –St. Augustine of Hippo –Bad boy  Son of Monica  Bishop of Hippo, Africa  Taught by Ambrose

21. –St Gregory the Great  Established papal power in temporal affairs  Relief for the poor  Education of priests  Evangelized barbarians

22. Church Councils and Doctrine Council of Nicea Council of Nicea –325- called by Constantine –Ecumenical Council – in response to Arianism –Jesus was not God therefore he cannot redeem us –Nicene Creed- further developed by the Council of Constantinople (381) –Consubstantial with the Father

23. Council of Ephesus (431) Council of Ephesus (431) –Nestorian Heresy – rejected Theotokos- said Mary was only Mother of the human Jesus –Hypostatic union- human and divine inseparable Eastern Patriarchs Eastern Patriarchs –Early Church – 3 Patriarchs- Rome, Alexandria, Antioch –Later Patriarch of Constantinople – pilgrims to the Holy Land –Today there are 6 Patriarchs

24. –21 Ecumenical Councils –Latest- Vatican II (1962-1965) – modernized –Eastern Orthodox accept first 7 Councils

25. Fall of the Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire continued to grow in power and influence Eastern Roman Empire continued to grow in power and influence Western Empire faced collapse Western Empire faced collapse –Barbarian invaders –Social and moral decay –Weakened military –Economic hardships –Rome sacked in 410 –Rome fell in 476

26. Eastern Empire Eastern Empire –Captured by Ottoman Turks in 1453 – when Constantinople captured Leo the Great Leo the Great –Shaped the role of the Papacy –Leadership in the Western Empire

27. Contributions of the Papacy and the Church Contributions of the Papacy and the Church –Provided leadership in a vacuum –Took care of basic needs of citizens –Provided for the poor –Schools for the clergy –Education for the laity

28. End End

29. The Eastern Schism Disputes Disputes –Nestorian Heresy –Council of Chalcedon  Elevated Patriarch of Constantinople to a position only 2 nd to the Pope  Pope Leo rejected it  Split loyalties –Church and State relationships  East accepted Emperor’s dominance over Church  Emperor seen as Vicar of Christ

30. –Use of icons Emperor condemned veneration of sacred images Emperor condemned veneration of sacred images  Ordered destruction of all icons- idolatry  Pope in opposition –Final break  Both accepted the Pope as successor of Peter  Took away power of Patriarch of Constantinople  Patriarch declared the Churches could not be in union –Closed all Latin churches –Excommunicated those loyal to the Pope –Mutual excommunication –Eastern Orthodox Church

31. Crusades Beginning Beginning –Byzantine Emperor sent request for help to Pope Urban II –Turkish Muslims had invaded their territory  Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher  Churches pillaged – mosques built in their place  Pilgrimages blocked – Jerusalem –Church responded quickly

32. First Crusade First Crusade –Urban turned to the French to recruit men  Take back Jerusalem  Suspicious motives of crusaders  Massacred Jews and Muslims alike –Jerusalem retaken –Granted indulgences –Also rewards – loot Other crusades Other crusades –2 nd – Muslims recaptured Holy Land –3 rd - Kings Crusade

33.  Richard the Lionhearted, Philip II, Frederick Barbarosa  Failed to recapture –Children’s Crusades  Death, disease, starvation  Survivors abducted and sold into slavery –Outcomes  Minor successes  Brought back many goods and inventions  Advances in astronomy, math, science  Works of Greek philosophers

34. Challenges to the Papacy Pope Innocent III Pope Innocent III –After his reign – papacy regan to lose temporal power –England & France – struggle over territory- lasted for nearly 100 years Decline of the Papacy Decline of the Papacy –Boniface VIII  Rise of nationalism  England & France – gain control- tax clergy

35.  Pope forbade  Philip sent troops to arrest the Pope (rescued)  Next Pope – French Avignon Papacy Avignon Papacy –Pope Clement – dominated by King –Moved from Rome to Avignon –European Christians believed Pope should be in Rome –Catherine of Siena  Avignon lasted for more than 70 years  Persuaded Pope to return  Condemned materialism, pride of Papal court

36. Black Death Bubonic plague (maybe phlegmatic) Bubonic plague (maybe phlegmatic) –Killed 1/3 of European population –Likely spread by fleas on rats from mercant ships –Many clergy died- scrambled to replace with ill- prepared –Time of concentration on the Passion of Christ

37. Great Western Schism Elected Italian pope – Urban VI – pressured by Romans Elected Italian pope – Urban VI – pressured by Romans French Cardinals elected own Pope – Clement VII French Cardinals elected own Pope – Clement VII Confusion for Christians Confusion for Christians Church Council – deposed both Popes Church Council – deposed both Popes –Named Pope – Alexander V  Died on way to Rome  Elected John XXII

38. Council of Constance – ended schism- elected Martin V Council of Constance – ended schism- elected Martin V Consequences- papacy lost dignity, cynical view Consequences- papacy lost dignity, cynical view