1. Between 1000-1300 the population of Europe doubled.(38-74 million) Food production increased because of inventions and a climate change. Inventions: Carruca New Harness Use of Iron Three field sys.

2. Women worked the fields and had children Their ability to manage the household could determine whether a family survived hard times Often carried on trade of husband after his death

3. Cities developed as settlements outside castles If settlement was successful than walls would be built around it connecting it to the castle Merchants and artisans became known as bourgeoisie

4. Lord treated townspeople as serfs By 1100 townspeople had right to buy and sell property Laws guaranteed them freedom and no military obligations Over time cities even developed their own government

5. Narrow streets and tight living quarters Towns were dirty and smelled of human and animal waste Rivers were polluted from chemicals Hardly bathed

6. 12 th Century craftsman organized into guilds Guilds - Set quality standards, methods of production, and fixed prices. To learn craft, began as an apprentice to journeyman, and then master.

7. Church involved in the feudal system. Bishops care more about political duties than spiritual Church leaders need to be free from the interference of the lords and politics. Pope Gregory VII fights lay investiture Appointment of religious officials by kings and nobles Pope’s authority secular (worldly) power in politics Believed the pope was the supreme judge and ruler of European affairs.

8. Pope Gregory VII has conflict with King Henry IV. Henry IV appointed high ranking church officials and made officials vassals to fight the power of the nobles. Pope Gregory II issued a decree forbidding lay investiture. Reached agreement - Church elected bishop, and later pays homage to the king.

9. Franciscans founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. Rejected all property and lived by working and begging for food. Became popular with the poor because they lived among them. Franciscans

10. Founded by a Spanish Priest named Dominic de Guzman Defend the church against the teaching of heresy. Combat heresy - live in poverty with the people and preach Deal with heretics through the Inquisition. Did not confess were tortured until they confessed, did not confess - guilty and executed.

11. Sacraments of the Catholic Church important (baptism, communion, and marriage) Saints held special positions in heaven and could ask favors before the throne of God. Relics of saints were worshiped because offered connection b/w earth and god.

12. Theology - highly regarded subject Harmonize Christian with Greek Philosophy Aristotle - reasoning and thought not faith contradictions to the church teachings. Saint Thomas Aquinas attempted to reconcile Aristotle with Christianity through his Summa Theologica. reason and experience could arrive at truths of physical world, but faith was need to grasp spiritual truths.

13. Church initially built in Romanesque style. Gothic cathedrals rose higher reaching the towards the Gods. Gothic cathedrals - thin walls and stained glass windows. natural light symbolized the divine light of God. Architecture

14. Read The Hundred Years’ War on p. 359-361. Answer the following questions: What led to the Hundred Years War? What was the significance of the important battles won by the English? Who was Joan of Arc? What impact did she have on the Hundred Years War? How did the war have an impact of England and France after the war ended?