1. You may use this study guide to review for your test; practice your new skills or review old concepts. Each topic has several questions relating to it, this should help with giving you plenty of practice.

2. Functional Groups AA B CBC Alcohols AA B CBC Carboxylic Acids A BA B CC Esters ABC Aldehydes AA B CBC Ketones AA B CBC Types of Reactions AA B CBC Amines AA B CBC Amides AA B CBC Vocabulary AA B CBC Balancing Equations AA B CBC What Organic compounds tell us AA B CBC

3. What is a functional group? A group of atoms that attaches to a carbon chain which changes the characteristics of those compounds.

4. Name 3 different functional groups. Any of the following: alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, amines, amides, carboxylic acids

5. Does every organic compound contain a functional group? No, only certain organic compounds contain a functional group, the rest are hydrocarbons.

6. What is the functional group for alcohols? -OH which can be either on a terminal carbon or in the middle of the carbon chain.

7. What is a polyhydroxyl alcohol? It is an alcohol that contains more than 1 OH functional group.

8. What is the name of the alcohol that has the formula CH3CH2OH? ethanol

9. What is the functional group for carboxylic acids? -COOH; with the double bonded O and the OH on the end.

10. Give an example of an important cellular carboxylic acid. DNA or RNA

11. How do you name a carboxylic acid? You use the prefix from the carbon chain but drop the ending and add –ic acid

12. What is the functional group for an ester? -COOR

13. What is a unique quality of esters? They have a distinctive odor depending on which ester you have. They are responsible for many flavors and odors of food.

14. How do you produce an ester? Esters are made when a noncarboxylic acid such as hydrochloric or sulfuric combines with an alcohol.

15. What is the functional group for an aldehyde? -COH but the O is double bonded to the C.

16. Formaldehyde is a common aldehyde, what is it used for? To preserve dead bodies (also can be found in cigarettes)

17. What causes an aldehyde to form? A primary alcohol combines with an oxidizing reactant and it takes a H off of the alcohol and aldehyde is what is left.

18. What is the functional group for a ketone? RCOR; the O is double bonded to the C.

19. How do you form a ketone? Oxidation of a secondary alcohol produces a ketone in a process similar to an aldehyde.

20. Acetone is a common ketone, what is it used for? Nail polish remover

21. If you have a saturated halide hydrocarbon what type of reaction produced that? Addition, substitution, subtraction or combustion Substitution; one of the hydrogens was substituted with a halogen

22. If you have unsaturated halide hydrocarbon what type of reaction created it? Addition, subtraction, substitution or combustion Addition, one of the multiple bonds was broken and a halogen added.

23. If I have an alkane will a halogen spontaneously react with it? No, alkanes are stable and therefore fairly unreactive, the halogens will substitute very slowly.

24. What is the functional group of an amine? -NH 2

25. How do you name an amine? Identify the NH2 group, put in the prefix for the carbon chain and add the –amine as a suffix.

26. Name this compound: CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2 butylamine

27. What is the functional group for amides? -CONH 2 : the O is double bonded to the C with the N coming off the other side.

28. How do you form an amide? Ammonia combines with a carboxylic acid

29. How do you name an amide? Remove the -ic from the end of the name of the acid and add – amide as the suffix.

30. What does the work substitution mean in the context of organic reactions? That different atoms or molecules replace the hydrogens in a saturated hydrocarbon.

31. What does the term addition mean in terms of organic reactions? That double or triple bonds in an unsaturated hydrocarbon are broken and additional atoms or molecules come in and replace those bonds.

32. What does the term fermentation mean in regards to organic compounds? Fermentation is the process by which complex compounds are broken down in living organisms.

33. Balance the following equation: C 2 H 5 OH + O 2 → CO 2 + H 2 O 1:2:2:3

34. Balance the following equation: CH 3 OH + O 2 → CH 2 O + H 2 O 1:1:1:2

35. Balance the following equation: C 3 H 8 + Br 2 → C 3 H 6 Br 2 + H 2 1:1:1:1

36. What did Stanley Miller contribute to science, what does it show us? Stanley Miller was able to synthesize simple amino acids but it shows us how complicated life simplest pieces are and how unlikely it is that they would have developed through evolution.

37. How are proteins made? Through the polymerization of amino acids.

38. Amino acids have two forms an L form and a D form but only the L form is found in natural proteins, what does this tell us? The presence of a creator in the formation of the proteins and also explains why we don’t find natural proteins spontaneously appearing in nature.