2. Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain Movement- bones act as levers for muscles Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate Blood cell formation- red, white, platelets

3. Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula Short Bones- carpals, tarsals Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones Sesamoid- patella

4. sesamoid Flat bone irregular Long bone Short bone

5. Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis diaphysis yellow marrow epiphyseal line periosteum compact bone spongy bone Endosteum hyaline cartilage Sharpey’s fibers

9. Mastoid process Styloid process

10. Occipital condyle

11. Posterior View

12. Warm and moisten air Lighten the skull Enhance voice resonance Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Maxillary Sinus

13. The Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertberae (5) Sacrum Coccyx

15. Cervical Vertebrae

18. The Thoracic Cage Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2)

19. Sacrum & Coccyx

20. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

21. Humerus Ulna Radius 8 Carpals 14 Phalanges 5 Metacarpals

22. Carpal Metacarpal Phalange

23. Pelvis Ischium Ilium Pubic bone Pelvis Pubic symphysis sacrum

24. Male Pelvic Girdle Female Pelvic Girdle

25. Patella The Lower Limb (Legs) Femur Tibia Fibula 5 Metatarsals 14 Phalanges 7 Tarsals

26. metatarsals phelangies tarsals metatarsals phelangies tarsals

28. Immovable Joints suture pubis symphisis

29. Slightly Movable Joint

30. Freely Movable

31. synovial cavity pelvis joint capsule femur hyaline cartilage

33. Synovial Joint Movement

36. 275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long)

37. cartilage calcified cartilage bone epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line Endochondral Ossification 2 o ossification center Fetus: 1 st 2 months AdultChildhood Just before birth 1 o ossification center

38. Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Eats bone Builds new bone Mature bone cell

39. Bone Repair: 1.Electrical stimulation of the fracture site: Increases speed and completeness of healing The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts down from reabsorbing bone 2. Ultrasound treatment: Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35% 3. Free vascular fibular graft technique: Transplant fibula in arm Gives good blood supply not available in other treatments 4. Bone substitutes: Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis Sea bone- coral Artificial bone- ceramic

41. hematoma callus bony callus bone remodeling

42. Diseases of the Skeletal System: Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier Factors: age, gender (more in women) estrogen and testosterone decrease insufficient exercise (or too much) diet poor in Ca ++ and protein abnormal vitamin D receptors smoking

43. Osteoporosis 29 40 84 92

44. Rickets- vitamin D deficiency Diseases of the Skeletal System:

45. Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction Diseases of the Skeletal System:

50. 1.What is a fontanel? 2.How many bones in the adult skeleton? 3.What is the difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton? 4.What is a meniscus? 5.Demonstrate adduction. 6.Weight bearing vertebrae are called? 7.What does an osteoclast do?