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Class Reptilia Chapter 20
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Class Reptilia Reptilia - to creep
Turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes, worm lizards, and tuatarans
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Class Reptilia First vertebrates to have amniotic eggs
Extraembryonic membranes Protect the embryo from desiccation Albumen Cushions Moisturizes Food source Yolk - supplies food
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Class Reptilia Other adaptations for land Impervious skin Horny tales
Keratin epidermal scales Horny tales Water conserving kidneys Enlarged lungs
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Class Reptilia Subclass Anapsida – lack openings in the temple
Turtles Subclass Diapsida Lower and upper openings in the temporal region of the skull Snakes, lizards, and tuataras Subclass Synapsida – single dorsal opening in the temporal region of the skull
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Class Reptilia Characteristics of reptiles 17 orders of Reptilia
Skull with one surface Respiration by lungs Metanephric kidneys Internal fertilization Amniotic eggs Very dry skin with keratinized scales 17 orders of Reptilia 4 Living orders of Reptilia
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Class Reptilia Order Testudines Tortoise and turtles
225 Species of turtles Bony shell Limbs from internal ribs Keratinized beak
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Class Reptilia Carapace - dorsal portion of shell
Plastron - ventral portion of shell North American box turtle has hinges Eight cervical vertebrae
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Class Reptilia Long Life span 14 or more years Up to 100 years
Sexual maturity seven or eight years
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Class Reptilia Oviparous Nest contain 5 - 100 eggs
Development lasts 4 weeks to one year Independent young Sea turtle conservation controversy
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Class Reptilia Order Rhynchocephalia Snout head Lizard-like reptiles
2 living species of Tuataras Burrow Endangered species Lizard-like reptiles Virtually unchanged from extinct members Tooth arrangement is the distinguishing factor
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Class Reptilia Oviparous
Share underground nesting burrows with ground-seeking sea birds Venture out of the burrow at dawn and dusk for feeding
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Class Reptilia Order Squamata Three suborders
Suborder Sauria - the lizards Suborder Serpentes - the snakes Suborder Amphisbaenia - worm lizards
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Class Reptilia Lizards 3,300 species Two pairs of limbs
Upper and lower jaws unite Vary in length Few centimeters up to 3 m
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Class Reptilia Habitat Reproduction Land Dwellers Burrowers
Tree Dwellers Reproduction Most are oviparous Some are viviparous or ovoviviparous
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Class Reptilia Gecko Habitat Nocturnal Clicking vocalization
Semitropical Climbers Adhesion disks aid Nocturnal Clicking vocalization
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Class Reptilia Iguana Thick Bodies Short necks Distinct Heads
Marine iguana Flying iguana Can fly 30 meters
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Class Reptilia Chamelions - Group of Iguanas Characteristics
Live in Africa and India Arboreal habitat Long, sticky tongue Change color Light Temperature Behavior
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Class Reptilia Gila Monster and Mexican Beaded Lizard Venomous lizard
Southwestern North America Not fatal to humans
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Class Reptilia Suborder - Serpentes Snakes 2,300 Species
300 are venomous 30, ,000 humans die each year Most occur in Southeast Asia < 100 Occur in the U.S.
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Class Reptilia Characteristics Lack limbs Up to 200 Vertebrae
Skull Adaptations Movable upper jaw Each jaw moves independently
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Class Reptilia Adaptations Differences in eye focusing
Loss of left lung Displacement of Gallbladder Right Kidney Gonads
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Class Reptilia Reproduction Age of snakes Oviparous Live birth
Boas Garter snakes Age of snakes 135 million years old Possible relation to caecilians
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Reptilia Suborder Amphisbaenia Double walk Worm Lizards 135 Species
Habitat Specialized burrowers Africa, South America, Caribbean, and Mideast
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Reptilia Characteristics Legless Wedge shaped head
Single median tooth in upper jaw Can move forward or backward
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Reptilia Order Crocodilia Greek - lizard 21 species
Crocodiles, alligators, gavials, and caimans Have existed for 170 million years
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Reptilia
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Reptilia
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Reptilia Snout is elongated
Nostrils at the anterior end to help with breathing while mostly submerged Breathe and inhale water at the same time
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Reptilia Tail Muscular, elongated, and laterally compressed
Used for swimming, attacking prey, and maneuvers
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Reptilia Teeth Stomach Laterally compressed teeth
Thrashing motion of capture Swallow food whole Death roll Stomach Gizzard-like Swallow rocks and other objects
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Reptilia Reproduction Oviparous Parental Care resembles that of birds
Nesting and parental care can be traced to common ancestor of both groups
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Reptilia External Structures Skin No respiratory function
Thick, dry, and keratinized scales Shedding of the scales is called ecdysis Pheromones are secreted Cryptic, Aposematic, and mimicry coloration
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Reptilia Support Skeleton resembles amphibian form Skull is elongated
Secondary palate Increase in cervical vertebrae Atlas and axis increase head movement Ribs can be highly modified Cobra Flying lizards Autotomy - loss of a tail
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Reptilia Movement Prehistoric Reptiles Reptile Many were bipedal
Tetrapods Primitive reptiles move like salamanders Higher than most amphibians
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Reptilia Nutrition and Digestion Carnivores Tongue
Turtles and crocodiles are nonprotrusible Lizards and anurans have sticky tongues May exceed the lizards length
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Reptilia Snakes Glottis is far forward to allow for breathing
Vipers have hollow fangs that are hinged on the maxillary Coral, sea, and cobra snakes rigid fangs Some cobras can “spit” Venom glands are modified salivary glands
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Reptilia Body Regulation Gas Exchange Three chambered heart
Sinous venosus is now a pacemaker
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Reptilia Low oxygenated blood from right atrium to ventricle
High oxygenated blood from lungs to ventricle to left atrium
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Reptilia Gas exchange Across respiratory surfaces
Partitioned into spongelike chambers Form a negative pressure mechanism for ventilation
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Reptilia Temperature Regulation Ectotherms
Can survive (-2 to 41 oC) Need (25 to 37 oC) to live Behavior is used for temperature regulation Body orientation Nocturnal Panting Blood diversion Chormatophore dispersion
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Reptilia Nervous and Sensory Functions
Cerebral hemisphere is larger than in Amphibians Improved smell Jacobson organ Snakes can smell with their tongue Improved vision motor coordination Ears detect vibrations Snakes have heat sensitive pit organs
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Reptilia Optic lobe and Cerebellum are enlarged Increased vision
More refined motor coordination Independent eye movement Different fields of vision Dominant sense in most reptiles Colored vision
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Reptilia Excretion Kidneys have more nephrons or blood filtering units (Metanephric kidneys) More blood flow Higher pressure Excrete uric acid Insoluble in water Can be stored as a paste
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Reptilia Osmoregulation Reabsorption of water
Internal respiratory surfaces Relatively impermeable exposed skin Behavior Nocturnal Avoidance of hot surfaces Storage of water in lymphatic spaces
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Reptilia Reproduction Eggs Land dwelling is possible
Not completely independent of water
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Reptilia Internal Fertilization Egg shell forms after
Males have an intromittent organ Sperm can be stored by the female Turtles 4 years Snakes 6 years
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Reptilia Parthenogenesis 6 families of lizards 1 family of snake
Parental Care Eggs are usually abandoned 100 species of reptiles take care of their young American alligator Sex is temperature dependent
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