2. Support- supports body and gives it shape Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain, any internal organs Movement- bones act as levers for muscles Mineral storage- calcium Blood cell formation

3. There are 206 bones in the adult body and they fall into 2 Categories: 1. Axial Skeleton 2. Appendicular Skeleton

4. Consists of the bone and cartilage that supports and protects the head, neck and trunk: Skull Vertebral column Thoracic cage

7. Warm and moisten air Lighten the skull Enhance voice resonance Frontal Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Maxillary Sinus

8. o Cervical Vertebrae (7) o Thoracic Vertebrae (12) o Lumbar Vertebrae (5) o Sacrum o Coccyx o Cervical Vertebrae (7) o Thoracic Vertebrae (12) o Lumbar Vertebrae (5) o Sacrum o Coccyx The Vertebral Column

9. Sternum Ribs (12 total) Sternum Ribs (12 total) The Thoracic Cage

10. Sacrum & Coccyx

11. Includes: 1. Pectoral Girdle 2. Upper Limbs 3. Pelvic Girdle 4. Lower Limbs

12. Bones of the Pectoral Girdle

13. Humerus Ulna Radius 8 Carpals 14 Phalanges 5 Metacarpals Bones of the Upper Limbs

14. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

15. Patella The Lower Limbs (Legs) Femur Tibia Fibula 5 Metatarsals 14 Phalanges 7 Tarsals

16. WARM UP How many bones does the adult skeleton have? What is the appendicular skeleton and the axial skeleton?

17. Long Bones- longer than they are wide. Ex: metacarples, phalangies, humerus, ulna, radius… Short Bones- circular/square shape. Ex: carpals, tarsals Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum Irregular Bones- vertebrae, facial bones Other: patella

19. What type of bones do you think the following are? 1.Ribs 2.Phalanges 3.Pelvic bone 4.Skull bones 5.Ulna/ Radius 6.Nasal bone 7.Mandible

20. Bones are organs which means they are composed of many types of tissues: 1.Fibrocartilage connective tissue. 2.Hayline Cartilage. 3.Blood tissue. 4.Lymphatic tissue. 5.Adipose tissue. 6.Nervous tissue.

21. Osteoblast Osteoclast Eats bone Builds new bone

22. 1.Epiphysis: 1.Epiphysis: The end of each long bone 2.Diaphysis: 2.Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone 3.Hyaline Cartilage: 3.Hyaline Cartilage: on the outer surface of the epiphysis to assist growth 4.Periosteum: 4.Periosteum: Completely encloses or wraps around the bone (very tough) 5.Compact bone: 5.Compact bone: Very thick with no gaps around the diaphysis 6.Spongy bone: 6.Spongy bone: numerous branching plates and spaces in the epiphysis. 7.Marrow 7.Marrow: Red or yellow in the center of bones.

23. Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis diaphysis yellow marrow epiphyseal line periosteum compact bone spongy bone Endosteum hyaline cartilage Sharpey’s fibers

24. STOP!! 1.Label the human skeleton worksheet 2.You have 10 minutes to quiz each other on the skeleton. 3.With a partner you will then construct out of toothpicks and other materials the skeleton. 1.Label the human skeleton worksheet 2.You have 10 minutes to quiz each other on the skeleton. 3.With a partner you will then construct out of toothpicks and other materials the skeleton.

25. WARM UP T/F the largest bone is the pelvic bone. T/F the 'femur', in the thigh, makes up almost one quarter of the body's total height. T/F bone rots quicker than cartilage after death. What does the term ossification mean? What is the purpose of the growth plate?

26. Answers True – it’s made up of 6 bones total True – it’s the longest bone in the body False, cartilage rots faster, This is why the skulls of skeletons have no nose or ears.

27. 1.Most bones develop from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bones. This occurs while still in the uterus as a fetus- usually the first two months.

28. 2.The cartilage begins to break down and disappear first in the diaphysis. At the same time the periosteum begins to form, the cartilage calcifies and blood vessels begin. cartilage calcified cartilage periosteum

29. 3.Compact bone begins to form. The epiphysis cartilage continues to grow and calcify. Compact bone just before birth

30. 4.Spongy bone forms in the epiphysis but is not complete. The marrow cavity forms which will later house blood cells. The diaphysis elongates. Spongy bone After birth and into childhood Marrow cavity

31. 5.The diaphysis elongates further. Spongy bone forms and compact bone thickens until length and structure is complete. The Growth plate tell the bone when to stop growing.

32. 6.Adult bone: everything is fully grown! Cartilage is only left at the ends of the epiphysis. Marrow is now fully formed also

33. cartilage calcified cartilage bone epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line Endochondral Ossification 2 o ossification center Fetus: 1 st 2 months AdultChildhood Just before birth

34. Use the cut outs to create the steps of bone formation. STOP!! 1.You may create a book, foldable, etc. 2.Place each step in the correct order. 3.Label all the appropriate parts in each step. 4.Give a brief description in your own words about what is happening in each step. Use page 130-131 for more help

35. Did you finish your work? Yes? Put the skeleton back where you found it. Place the bone formation booklet in the block 1 bin. Have a great night! No? Finish the skeleton and place it back where you found it. Complete your bone formation book for HW. Remember it is 25points product.

37. Types of bone breaks 1.Simple- skin is not pierced (most breaks) 2.Compound- skin is pierced 3.Complete- bone is broken in half 4.Partial- broken lengthwise but not two parts 5.Comminuted- broken into several pieces 6.Spiral- twisted

39. What kind of fracture is this? It’s kind of tough to tell, but this is a _ _ _ _ _ _ fracture.

41. Bone Repair: 1.Electrical stimulation of the fracture site: Increases speed and completeness of healing Send an electrical current to the site of the bone. 2. Ultrasound treatment: Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones by 25-35% (heat waves) 3. Vascular graft technique: Adding extra blood to the area to speed healing. 4. Bone substitutes: Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and hepatitis Sea bone- coral Artificial bone- ceramic

43. STOP!! Discuss these questions with a partner: 1.What type of bones break the easiest? Why? 2. What type of bones do not break easily, why? 3.Why are blood vessels important in bones and in repairing them?

44. Bone strength lab

45. UEQ: How does our skeleton move? LEQ: what are the three kinds of skeletal joints and how do they allow us to move? VOCAB: joints, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, saddle, ball and socket, hinge, pivot, gliding WARM UP: complete the handout

46. Bones and muscles interact to cause movements Joints are the junction between bones that allow movement. Three types of joints: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints

47. Immovable Joints (formed by a thin layer of dense connective tissue) suture pubis symphisis

48. Slightly Movable Joint (Hyaline found in- between vertebrae, end of long bones and between ribs and sternum

49. Freely moveable (includes most joints; contain ligaments, tendons and synovial fluid for smooth movement

51. Types of freely movable joints 1.Saddle 1.Saddle: carpal and metacarpal bones of thumb 2.Ball and socket 2.Ball and socket: shoulder and hip joints 3.Pivot 3.Pivot- rotation only: proximal end of radius and ulna 4.Hinge 4.Hinge- up and own movement in one plane: knee and elbow 5.Gliding- 5.Gliding- sliding and twisting: wrist and ankle

52. Gliding Pivot Saddle Hinge Condyloid Ball and socket

53. Range of Motion activity

54. Diseases of the Skeletal System

55. Diseases of the Skeletal System: Osteoporosis- bones become lighter and fracture easier Factors: age, gender (more in women) hormone decrease insufficient exercise (or too much) diet poor in Ca ++, protein, or vitamin D smoking

56. Osteoporosis 29 40 84 92

57. Rickets- vitamin D deficiency Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate minerals in bones, lack of vitamin D Pagets Disease- breaks down old bone faster than it rebuilds new bone. Common in old age. Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction effecting the joints surrounding bones and movement. Diseases of the Skeletal System:

58. Case study and research Finish children story Book work and practice labeling and worksheets