1. Section I: The Crusades Begin (Pages 288 - 294) This section is about: This section is about: The religious and political reasons for the Crusades. The religious and political reasons for the Crusades. The first four crusades and how they impacted Europe and the Mediterranean region. The first four crusades and how they impacted Europe and the Mediterranean region.

2. Let ’ s look at what ’ s in this Unit. We ’ ve done “ the Early Middle Ages. ” Now were on the “ High Middle Ages. ” What ’ s the difference? Maybe we can tell from reading what ’ s in quotes on page 268. We should also look at the sections: I: How the Crusades began and how they impacted European life. II.How towns grew (and the Black Death). III.French and English conflicts / Pope and King conflicts / Spain and Muslims conflicts. IV.The Great Schism and challenges to the authority of the church.

3. The Crusades Begin Read the Main Ideas on page 290. Read the Main Ideas on page 290. We ’ ve heard about what the Crusades were (holy wars between Christians and Muslims). We ’ ve heard about what the Crusades were (holy wars between Christians and Muslims). Now, we ’ ll hear about more details. Now, we ’ ll hear about more details. Look also at “ Cause and Effect ” on the top right of page 290. Look also at “ Cause and Effect ” on the top right of page 290.

5. The Background of the Crusades: The Crusades were Christian wars to try and re-capture holy lands from the Muslims. The Crusades were Christian wars to try and re-capture holy lands from the Muslims. These “ later Middle Ages ” cover the years 962-1492. These “ later Middle Ages ” cover the years 962-1492. One of the big questions of this time centers around the power of the papacy (the office of the pope) and what he should really be in control of. One of the big questions of this time centers around the power of the papacy (the office of the pope) and what he should really be in control of.

6. The Growth of Papal Power In medieval Europe, lawlessness and violence were pretty common. In medieval Europe, lawlessness and violence were pretty common. So, the Church in France promoted the idea of the “ Peace of God: ” if you did something bad, you ’ d be ex-communicated. So, the Church in France promoted the idea of the “ Peace of God: ” if you did something bad, you ’ d be ex-communicated. The clergy also had the “ Truce of God: ” you couldn ’ t fight at holy times – Saturday night until Monday morning. The clergy also had the “ Truce of God: ” you couldn ’ t fight at holy times – Saturday night until Monday morning.

7. This was a time where the Eastern Byzantine Church began to disagree with the Roman Catholic Church on the role of the Pope In 1054: the head of each of these churches ex-communicated the other. In 1054: the head of each of these churches ex-communicated the other. This led to a separation that still continues today. This led to a separation that still continues today. Pope Gregory VII tried to regain control and said he was the leader of the church (and all society) - and couldn ’ t be judged by anyone on earth. Pope Gregory VII tried to regain control and said he was the leader of the church (and all society) - and couldn ’ t be judged by anyone on earth. The European Kings didn ’ t agree with this (they wanted to be able to appoint their own bishops and church leaders to their own churches). The European Kings didn ’ t agree with this (they wanted to be able to appoint their own bishops and church leaders to their own churches). Eventually they came to an agreement that the pope would only appoint bishops and the highest of positions. Eventually they came to an agreement that the pope would only appoint bishops and the highest of positions.

8. The Pope Calls for a Crusade The Muslims had controlled Jerusalem from 637-1095. The Muslims had controlled Jerusalem from 637-1095. Jerusalem is holy to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Jerusalem is holy to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The Muslims were letting less and less people safely come to Jerusalem. The Muslims were letting less and less people safely come to Jerusalem. Some Muslims even threatened to invade Constantinople, so the Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help. Some Muslims even threatened to invade Constantinople, so the Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help.

9. Pope Urban II also believed in the supreme power of the pope. Pope Urban II also believed in the supreme power of the pope. He called for a war to win back the Holy Land. He called for a war to win back the Holy Land. This crusade (taking the cross) was popular because: This crusade (taking the cross) was popular because: Of strong religious feelings at the time. Of strong religious feelings at the time. Some soldiers wanted military glory. Some soldiers wanted military glory. Merchants wanted new markets for their goods. Merchants wanted new markets for their goods. Some people wanted to gain new land and wealth. Some people wanted to gain new land and wealth.

10. The First and Second Crusades Pope Urban promised crusaders if they captured Jerusalem they could follow in the way of Jesus and save their souls. Pope Urban promised crusaders if they captured Jerusalem they could follow in the way of Jesus and save their souls. (they also might get military glory, get land, and get rich from their conquests). (they also might get military glory, get land, and get rich from their conquests).

11. The Quest for Jerusalem The first Crusade began in 1096. The first Crusade began in 1096. The Christian army first conquered Edessa and set up their first crusader state (European Christian kingdom) The Christian army first conquered Edessa and set up their first crusader state (European Christian kingdom) By 1099, they had conquered Jerusalem and set up another crusader state (surrounded by Muslims though). By 1099, they had conquered Jerusalem and set up another crusader state (surrounded by Muslims though). The first Crusade was successful for Christians, but in winning, they killed many Muslims (even women and children), and Jewish people living in Jerusalem. The first Crusade was successful for Christians, but in winning, they killed many Muslims (even women and children), and Jewish people living in Jerusalem.

12. The Second Crusade By 1144, Muslims had re- captured Edessa. By 1144, Muslims had re- captured Edessa. The Pope (Eugenius III) called for another crusade to protect the crusader states they set up. The Pope (Eugenius III) called for another crusade to protect the crusader states they set up. The most powerful monarchs in Europe (Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany) even joined in. The most powerful monarchs in Europe (Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany) even joined in. This second crusade was failing – Muslims won a battle for Damascus. This second crusade was failing – Muslims won a battle for Damascus. The crusaders went back home before they lost any more. The crusaders went back home before they lost any more.

13. Later Crusades By 1187, Saladin (a brilliant Muslim warrior) defeated the Christians and united the Muslims. By 1187, Saladin (a brilliant Muslim warrior) defeated the Christians and united the Muslims. Saladin re-captured Jerusalem. Saladin re-captured Jerusalem. So… more crusades coming? So… more crusades coming?

14. The Third and Fourth Crusades 1189-1192. 1189-1192. England ’ s King Richard (the Lionhearted), France ’ s King Phillip II, and Germany ’ s emperor Fredrick II re- captured Acre (city north of Jerusalem) from the Muslims. England ’ s King Richard (the Lionhearted), France ’ s King Phillip II, and Germany ’ s emperor Fredrick II re- captured Acre (city north of Jerusalem) from the Muslims. Fredrick drowned, Phillip went back to France, so Richard was the only one left to fight. Fredrick drowned, Phillip went back to France, so Richard was the only one left to fight. Richard and Saladin signed a peace agreement. Richard and Saladin signed a peace agreement. Jerusalem would remain Muslim, but Christians would be allowed to visit the holy sites. Jerusalem would remain Muslim, but Christians would be allowed to visit the holy sites. This wasn’t good enough for the next pope (Innocent III). This wasn’t good enough for the next pope (Innocent III). So… a new crusade…. So… a new crusade…. 1202-1204: It gets confusing: 1202-1204: It gets confusing: The crusaders start in Egypt, but eventually end up attacking Italy and the Byzantines and controlling Constantinople. The crusaders start in Egypt, but eventually end up attacking Italy and the Byzantines and controlling Constantinople. What about Jerusalem? What about Jerusalem? They kind of forget about that (for now) and go back home. They kind of forget about that (for now) and go back home. They meet none of their original goals. They meet none of their original goals. Horrible History ’ s Crusades

15. The Results of the Crusades There end up being several more crusades. There end up being several more crusades. None were very successful. None were very successful. The Crusades end in 1291 – only the first one ever did anything to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. The Crusades end in 1291 – only the first one ever did anything to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims. Serving in the Crusades was supposed to be a good Christian thing for knights to participate in. Serving in the Crusades was supposed to be a good Christian thing for knights to participate in. But, they ended up killing many Jews and Muslims. But, they ended up killing many Jews and Muslims. The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Byzantine Church grew farther apart. The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Byzantine Church grew farther apart.

16. There was a lasting effect on Europe. There was a lasting effect on Europe. Popes became very powerful. Popes became very powerful. Trade between Europe and Asia grew (especially foods and spices). Trade between Europe and Asia grew (especially foods and spices). Crusaders returned home with new ideas and inventions – for military machines, castle protection, windmills, compasses, clocks, etc… Crusaders returned home with new ideas and inventions – for military machines, castle protection, windmills, compasses, clocks, etc… Although the Crusades were sad and costly, it meant a sharing of cultures and brought many changes to Europe. Although the Crusades were sad and costly, it meant a sharing of cultures and brought many changes to Europe. Horrible History ’ s Crusades