1. Introduction to Radio Frequency Radiation Robert Curtis, USDOL/OSHA Directorate of Science, Technology and Medicine March 2003

2. Health Effects and Standards

3. Frequency and Wavelength

4. Electromagnetic Spectrum

5. How RF Transfers

7. Specific Absorption Rate Measure absorbed power in watts per kg of tissue Basis of most RF standards

8. A Quick Review of RFMW Biological Effects (II) Immune (animals only) - T lymphocyte activity alteration @ 1.4 W/Kg Blood - no consistent results Cancer - No specific animal life span study seeking cancer has been done; epl' studies of radio hams, electrical workers, and physical therapists found excess cancer, but other studies have not found association

9. A Quick Review of RFMW Biological Effects (III) Neurological (animals only) - Test of blood/brain barrier contradictory; unreplicated studies with AM & PM fields show brain metabolism changes @ >0.02 W/kg 200 & 591 MHz, but not @ 2450 MHz Mutations - Mutations not found in replicated studies to date

10. A Quick Review of RFMW Biological Effects (III) (cont.) Reproduction - (animals only) Temporary make sterility @ 5.6 W/kg Testicular changes @ 15 W/kg Leutenizing hormone changes @ >2 W/kg Teratology (animals only) - Malformed offspring found @ 31 W/kg, strong thermal dependance (temp >41°C) Thermoscoustic - (Pulsed only)

11. A Quick Review of RFMW Biological Effects (III) (cont.) Observed in radar operators in WWII as perceived clicking sound. Possible cause of neurological, central cholinergic, effects observed by James Lai @ 0.6 W/kg (0.45 W/kg NOEL, brain SAR #2 W/kg for effect)

13. Basis of RF Standards Behavioral disruption threshold Limit temperature increase to 1 degrees C 1-4 W/kg SAR 10-fold safety factor

15. Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) for Occupational (Controlled) Environment

16. Same Basis, but Standards Differ General population vs. Controlled RF Sites Localized exposure limits (spatial averaging) Time averaging Special exclusions, such as low-power devices, peak exposures.

17. Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) for Public (Uncontrolled) Environment

18. Maximum Contact Current for Occupational (Controlled) Environment

19. Maximum Contact Current for Public (Uncontrolled) Environment

20. RF Exposure Standards are Typically Based on 6 min. TWA Excursions allowed if 6 min time weighted average is within limits Up to 30 min intervals used for public exposure standards

21. Spatial Averaging ANSI standard is confusing regarding partial-body vs. non-uniform exposure. Exception for testes and eyes (See interpretation). OSHA standards, based on old ANSI, does not allow for spatial averaging.

23. Microwave Measurement

31. Antenna Equations Equation

32. Microwave Applications

37. Cassegrain Antenna

48. Radio Frequency Measurement

49. Radio-Frequency Measurements IEEE c95.1 - 1991 >300 MHz - E or H or S; spatial average 100 - 300 MHz - E & H; spatial average 3 kHz - 100 MHz - E & H; spatial average; including current; contact current

50. FCC Limits for MPE Table Notes

55. Spatial Average

63. Single Roof-Top Antenna, various exposure locations.

64. Single Tower, co-located antenna, on-tower exposure.

65. Radio Frequency Applications Communication Transmitters Industrial Applications

84. RF Safety Programs

85. Elements of a Comprehensive RF Protection Program: Role of RF Measurements Full Text

86. RF Protection Program Utilization of RF source equipment which meet applicable RF standards when new and during its lifetime. RF hazard identification and periodic surveillance by a competent person. Identification and Control of RF Hazard Areas. Implementation of controls and SOPs to reduce RF exposures to levels in compliance with applicable guidelines.

87. RF Protection Program (cont.) RF safety and health training to ensure that all employees understand the RF hazards and control methods used. Employee involvement in the structure and operation of the S&H Program. Implementation of an appropriate medical surveillance program. Periodic (e.g. annual) reviews of the program to identify and resolve deficiencies.

88. RF Protection Program (cont.) Assignment of responsibilities, including adequate authority and resources to implement and enforce the program.

89. Notice

90. Caution

91. Warning

92. RF Symbols RF energy advisory symbol and RF electric current hazard advisory symbol.

93. Symbols (cont.)

95. Summary of Contact Current