1. Avoiding the Common GPS Pitfalls “Proper Field Techniques” Tom Rogers trogers@seilerinst.com Scott Smith ssmith@seilerinst.com

2. Equipment Setup Current OS and GPS Firmware installed. Current Date and Time on the data collector. Data collector is fully charged. Turn off WiFi and Bluetooth to conserve battery. Automobile charger and serial clip for charging. Factory reset the unit during a off/slow period.

3. Current 2005 Geo OS and GPS FW Start/Settings/System/System Information

4. Current 2008 Geo OS and GPS FW Start/Settings/System/System Information

5. Logging Settings in TS 3.3 1 second interval is default. Auto Pause Count for point/vertex. Horizontal/Vertical and In the Field/Post Processed accuracy settings. Post Processing Distance from Base. Accuracy based logging. Estimated Accuracy icon on the status bar (click on it to display).

6. Open conditions: Sub-foot to Decimeter

7. Multipath Occasionally multipath errors still occur. Estimated error doesn’t always include multipath. Zephyr has better multipath rejection (Stealth technology).

8. Best Practices: In the field Minimizing multipath: –Multipath is like TV ghosting, caused by reflected signals adding errors to the distance measured to the satellite.

9. Best Practices: In the field Collect good GPS measurements between features Treat the measurements before and after the feature as if they are just as important as those logged at the feature itself – because they are! Keep the GeoExplorer unit “high”. Face antenna to the Southern Sky when using unit without external antenna. Hold the antenna horizontal while walking. Don’t drop the antenna to your side (or it will pick up multipath).

10. Best Practices: In the field (cont’) Collect positions for at least 30 seconds at each point feature: –In theory, you don’t have to collect too many positions in a point feature, once the accuracy indicator readings are good enough. –But if you collect for about 30 seconds, you increase the chance of acquiring more satellites or cancelling out short-term multipath errors. –If the accuracy indicator readings are poor, you should log more positions. –This will typically be necessary in a hostile GPS environment.

11. Best Practices: In the field (con’t) Antenna position –Can you really hold the antenna still directly over the target? –Use a pole, bracket, and plum line or bubble.

12. Log Now or Later Log Now – start a feature and simultaneously start collecting GPS position. Log Later – start a feature, enter attributes and start collecting GPS positions later. Use this for lines and areas too. Also best for points if not using an external antenna.

13. Best Practices: In the field Pause logging before entering attribute information: –Allows you to concentrate on positioning: Holding the antenna over the location to be measured. Holding the antenna horizontal with a good view of the sky. –It is not easy to do this while concentrating on entering attribute information.

14. Best Practices: In the field – Avoid blocking satellites with your own body by using an external antenna and pole. – Monitor your “In The Field Accuracy”. – The majority of satellites are between you and the equator. Denver, USAFrankfurt, GermanyChristchurch, New Zealand

15.  Planning skyplot  View future satellite constellation, including trajectories and trails.  Use time in the field more efficiently  Increase productivity In Field Planning

16. Best Practices: In the field Buildings or other obstructions –Wait for stable carrier lock. –Avoid blocking satellites. –In difficult locations, move the antenna slowly. –Use the Planning software to see if better DOP will be available later. –Use offset measurements or Laser Rangefinder.

17. Distance Bearing - See Distance and Bearing diagram

18. Distance - Bearing

19. Under trees: Not always subfoot Depends on: Number of satellites tracking carrier (5 plus). Carrier lock duration (2 minutes). Distance to base station (50 miles).

20. Best Practices: In the field Trees and canopy –Use an external antenna on a pole. –Wait for a stable lock before entering canopy environments. –Use the Planning software to see if better DOP will be available later. –Use offset measurements or Laser Rangefinder. Light Canopy Heavy Canopy

21. http://www.seilerinst.com/mapping/support.asp Tom Rogers trogers@seilerinst.com Scott Smith ssmith@seilerinst.com Questions?