1. CSE 1301 Lecture 11 Object Oriented Programming Figures from Lewis, “C# Software Solutions”, Addison Wesley Richard Gesick

2. CSE 1301 Topics Software Development Identifying Classes & Objects Static Members Class Relationships “this” Parameters Revisited Overloading – Methods – Operators Testing

3. CSE 1301 The Software Life Cycle The overall life cycle of a program includes use and maintenance: A version of the software that is made available to user is called a release Use Development Maintenance

4. CSE 1301 Development vs. Maintenance Use and Maintenance Development

5. CSE 1301 The Waterfall Model Establish requirements Create design Implement code Test system

6. CSE 1301 An Iterative Development Process Establish requirements Create design Implement code Test system

7. CSE 1301 Identifying Classes & Objects Identify potential classes within the specification Nouns

8. CSE 1301

9. In Gaming… How do you identify the classes within a game? What have you seen so far in labs and assignments?

10. CSE 1301 What Goes in the Class How do you decide what should be in the class – Data – Methods Not easy, but must be done

11. CSE 1301 Static Members Static methods can be invoked via the class name Static variables are stored at the class level (one copy for all instances)

12. CSE 1301 The static Modifier Remember that static methods (also called class methods) that can be invoked through the class name rather than through a particular object For example, the methods of the Math class are static: Math.sqrt (25) To write a static method, we apply the static modifier to the method definition The static modifier can be applied to variables as well It associates a variable or method with the class rather than with an object

13. CSE 1301 Static Variables Static variables are also called class variables Normally, each object has its own data space, but if a variable is declared as static, only one copy of the variable exists private static int count; Memory space for a static variable is created when the class in which it is declared is loaded All objects created from the class share static variables Changing the value of a static variable in one object changes it for all others Local variables cannot be static

14. CSE 1301 Static Methods public static int triple (int num) { int result; result = num * 3; return result; } class Helper Because it is static, the method can be invoked as: value = Helper.triple (5);

15. CSE 1301 Static Methods Static methods cannot reference instance variables, because instance variables don't exist until an object exists However, a static method can reference static variables or local variables

16. CSE 1301 Class Relationships Classes can have various relationships to one another. Most common are: Dependency (“uses”) Aggregation (“has a”) Inheritance (“is a”)

17. CSE 1301 Object Relationships Objects can have various types of relationships to each other A general association, as we've seen in UML diagrams, is sometimes referred to as a use relationship A general association indicates that one object (or class) uses or refers to another object (or class) in some way We could even annotate an association line in a UML diagram to indicate the nature of the relationship Author Book writes

18. CSE 1301 Dependency One class dependent (uses) another class – Game uses ball, paddle – Ship uses bullet Sometimes, a class depends on another instance of itself – Is one date equal to another date? – Is one picture equal to another picture?

19. CSE 1301 Rational Class Design Let’s design a class that represents a rational number (fraction) What data needs to be stored? What methods or operations are needed? Look at the following client code:

20. CSE 1301 Rational r1 = new Rational(6, 8); Rational r2 = new Rational(1, 3); Rational r3, r4, r5, r6, r7; Console.Out.WriteLine("First rational number: " + r1); Console.Out.WriteLine("Second rational number: " + r2); if (r1.Equals(r2)) Console.Out.WriteLine("r1 and r2 are equal."); else Console.Out.WriteLine("r1 and r2 are NOT equal."); r3 = r1.Reciprocal(); Console.Out.WriteLine("The reciprocal of r1 is: " + r3); r4 = r1.Add(r2); r5 = r1.Subtract(r2); r6 = r1.Multiply(r2); r7 = r1.Divide(r2); Console.Out.WriteLine("r1 + r2: " + r4); Console.Out.WriteLine("r1 - r2: " + r5); Console.Out.WriteLine("r1 * r2: " + r6); Console.Out.WriteLine("r1 / r2: " + r7); Console.In.ReadLine(); // Wait for enter key

21. CSE 1301

22. UML Design Rational

23. CSE 1301 Constructor public Rational (int numer, int denom) { }

24. CSE 1301 Reciprocal public Rational Reciprocal ( ) { }

25. CSE 1301 ToString public override string ToString ( ) { }

26. CSE 1301 Reduce private void Reduce ( ) { if (numerator != 0) { int common = Gcd(Math.Abs(numerator), denominator); numerator = numerator / common; denominator = denominator / common; }

27. CSE 1301 Gcd private int Gcd (int num1, int num2) { while (num1 != num2) if (num1 > num2) num1 = num1 - num2; else num2 = num2 - num1; return num1; }

28. CSE 1301 Add public Rational Add (Rational op2) { }

29. CSE 1301 Subtract public Rational Subtract (Rational op2) { }

30. CSE 1301 Multiply public Rational Multiply (Rational op2) { }

31. CSE 1301 Divide public Rational Divide (Rational op2) { }

32. CSE 1301 Equals public bool Equals (Rational op2) { }

33. CSE 1301 Aggregation One class is “made up” of other classes “has a” relationship – Gameboard has a marble – Deck has a card

34. CSE 1301 Aggregation An aggregate object is an object that contains references to other objects For example, an Account object contains a reference to a String object (the owner's name) An aggregate object represents a has-a relationship A bank account has a name Likewise, a student may have one or more addresses

35. CSE 1301 Aggregation in UML An aggregation association is shown in a UML class diagram using an open diamond at the aggregate end StudentBody + Main (args : String[]) : void + ToString() : String 12 Student - firstName : String - lastName : String - homeAddress : Address - schoolAddress : Address + ToString() : String - streetAddress : String - city : String - state : String - zipCode : long Address

36. CSE 1301 The this Reference The this reference allows an object to refer to itself That is, the this reference, used inside a method, refers to the object through which the method is being executed Suppose the this reference is used in a method called tryMe If tryMe is invoked as follows, the this reference refers to obj1 : obj1.tryMe(); But in this case, the this reference refers to obj2 : obj2.tryMe();

37. CSE 1301 The this reference The this reference can also be used to distinguish the parameters of a constructor from the corresponding instance variables with the same names public Account (String name, long acctNumber, double balance) { this.name = name; this.acctNumber = acctNumber; this.balance = balance; }

38. CSE 1301 Assignment Revisited The act of assignment takes a copy of a value and stores it in a variable For primitive types: num2 = num1; Before num1 5 num2 12 After num1 5 num2 5

39. CSE 1301 Reference Assignment For object references, assignment copies the memory location: bishop2 = bishop1; Before bishop1bishop2 After bishop1bishop2

40. CSE 1301 Aliases Two or more references that refer to the same object are called aliases of each other One object (and its data) can be accessed using different reference variables Aliases can be useful, but should be managed carefully Changing the object’s state (its variables) through one reference changes it for all of its aliases

41. CSE 1301 Parameters There are three main types of parameters: 1.Value - passes a copy (value) of the variable to the method. This is the default. 2.Reference - passes a reference to the actual variable. Marked with "ref", use this when you want to pass a value in and have any change to that value be persistent when the method is complete 3.Out - passes a reference to the actual variable. Marked with "out", use this when you want the method to generate a value and place it for later use in the actual variable (persists when the method is complete)

42. CSE 1301 using System; namespace ParameterTester { public class Num { private int value; public Num (int update) { value = update; } public void SetValue (int update) { value = update; } public override string ToString ( ) { return value + ""; } }

43. CSE 1301 using System; namespace ParameterTester { class ParameterPassing { static void Main(string[] args) { ParameterModifier modifier = new ParameterModifier(); int a1 = 111; Num a2 = new Num(222); Num a3 = new Num(333); Console.Out.WriteLine("Before calling changeValues:"); Console.Out.WriteLine("a1\ta2\ta3"); Console.Out.WriteLine(a1 + "\t" + a2 + "\t" + a3 + "\n"); modifier.ChangeValues(a1, a2, a3); Console.Out.WriteLine("After calling changeValues:"); Console.Out.WriteLine("a1\ta2\ta3"); Console.Out.WriteLine(a1 + "\t" + a2 + "\t" + a3 + "\n"); Console.In.ReadLine(); // Wait for enter key }

44. CSE 1301 using System; namespace ParameterTester { public class ParameterModifier { public void ChangeValues(int f1, Num f2, Num f3) { Console.Out.WriteLine("Before changing the values:"); Console.Out.WriteLine("f1\tf2\tf3"); Console.Out.WriteLine(f1 + "\t" + f2 + "\t" + f3 + "\n"); f1 = 999; f2.SetValue(888); f3 = new Num(777); Console.Out.WriteLine("After changing the values:"); Console.Out.WriteLine("f1\tf2\tf3"); Console.Out.WriteLine(f1 + "\t" + f2 + "\t" + f3 + "\n"); Console.In.ReadLine(); }

45. CSE 1301

47. Example 1 static void Main() { int a = 42; Console.WriteLine (a); B (a); Console.WriteLine (a); } static void B (int x) { x += 9; Console.WriteLine (x); }

48. CSE 1301 Example 2 static void Main() { int a = 42; Console.WriteLine (a); B (ref a); Console.WriteLine (a); } static void B (ref int x) { x += 9; Console.WriteLine (x); }

49. CSE 1301 Example 3 static void Main() { int a; B (out a); Console.WriteLine (a); } static void B (out int x) { x = 9; Console.WriteLine (x); }

50. CSE 1301 Example 4 class Z { public int y; } static void Main() { Z myZ = new Z(); myZ.y = 42; Console.WriteLine (myZ.y); B (myZ); Console.WriteLine (myZ.y); } static void B (Z x) { x.y += 9; Console.WriteLine (x.y); }

51. CSE 1301 Example 5 class Z { public int y; } static void Main() { Z myZ = new Z(); myZ.y = 42; Console.WriteLine (myZ.y); B (ref myZ); Console.WriteLine (myZ.y); } static void B (ref Z x) { x = new Z(); x.y = 1; Console.WriteLine (x.y); }

52. CSE 1301 Be careful to note the difference between a pass-by-reference parameter and a parameter of a reference type. Use the activation stack to track local variables and how parameters of the above types affect the variables from one stack frame to the next.

53. CSE 1301 Overloading Methods Method overloading is the process of using the same method name for multiple methods The signature of each overloaded method must be unique The signature includes the number, type, and order of the parameters The compiler determines which version of the method is being invoked by analyzing the parameters The return type of the method is not part of the signature

54. CSE 1301 Overloading Methods float tryMe (int x) { return x +.375; } Version 1 float tryMe (int x, float y) { return x*y; } Version 2 result = tryMe (25, 4.32f) Invocation

55. CSE 1301 Overloading Operators In C#, not only can methods be overloaded, operators can be overloaded as well.

56. CSE 1301