1. Author: J R Reid Extended Investigation Introduction Planning an Investigation Writing a Report Data Collection Data Processing Conclusions and Discussions

2. Introduction As part of the Level 3 assessments we will be planning independent investigations that will analyse varying amounts or concentrations of a substance. Previous years investigations have included: Iodine levels in iodised salt Vitamin C content in various brands of orange juice Dissolved oxygen levels in a fish pond throughout a day Calcium levels in various brands of milk Each investigation includes a chemical and conditions in which the levels of the chemical can vary. All data, notes and research collected along the way must be written down in a logbook which will be handed in with the final report. You must acknowledge other peoples work when you use it in your report i.e. the titration method, the importance of your chemical…etc. Then you must include the source in your reference list.

3. Planning an Investigation Before starting the investigation we need to ensure that it is possible to get good grades from the final report that we will be writing: Is it possible to find a method that can be done in a school lab? Is it going to generate accurate results? Is there a point to the investigation? Do you have conditions under which the levels of your chosen substance will vary? These could be brands or environmental conditions Can it be completed in a short time scale (i.e. two weeks)? A range of suitable investigations will be given but you have the ability to suggest your own.

4. Writing the Report – Introduction and Purpose The final report is similar to investigations from previous years. It must include: Introduction – This section includes background information that helps explain the purpose of your investigation. It should include information like why your chemical is important, why do the levels vary and what is the importance of this variation Purpose – your report must have a point. This is the thing that directs your entire investigation. The method, results and conclusions will be directly linked to this. Your purpose could be expressed as an aim or a testable question.

5. Writing the Report - Method The next section is the method. It must clearly outline every step taken during your investigation. Importantly, it must be your method and not a copy of someone else’s procedure. It should include: Chemical hazard warnings The range of samples you will take to get an accurate trend How you collected your samples How you prepared your samples How you prepared standard solutions and reagents How you analysed your samples, i.e. the titration method The number of repeated samples analysed A example of all calculations performed, including how you worked out the mean of repeated samples

6. Data Collecting – Results I The results of your investigation consist of a lot of numbers. It is vital that these are recorded accurately and in a clear systematic format. Here are some guidelines: As you record data they go straight into tables in your logbook. Each table must be clearly labelled. When you transfer the data into your report everything must be able to be understood independently from your report i.e. include titles, labels and units Continue to do repeated tests of the same sample until you get precise data (numbers that are close to each other)

7. Data Analysis – Results II Once we have collected the raw data we need to process the data to show a trend. Remember to relate this to your purpose. You will need to: Work out the means of repeated tests – remember to discard results that deviate from the bulk of the data Convert your data into graph form. Remember – is your data continuous or discrete? Therefore, what sort of graph is appropriate? All tables and graphs in your final report must be able to be understood independently from your report i.e. include titles/headings, units, labels etc… Can a conclusion be clearly drawn from your processed data? Have you used significant figures correctly during calculations?

8. Conclusion and Discussion The conclusion is a simple analysis of your results and how it fits into the purpose of your investigation The discussion is a more complex affair. It should cover: Limitations of your investigation Possible sources of error Modifications made during the investigation – with reasons Improvements that could be made to your investigation Further paths of investigation prompted by your findings Scientific relevance of your findings

9. References References – Every external source of information must be noted because if you claim their work for your own it is called plagiarism and you get a big zero for your assessment. The reference section is where you can acknowledge their help and state where you got the information from. Examples: Web - Merriam Webster Online http://merriam-webster.com/ http://merriam-webster.com/ Text - Rozakis, L. 1999 Schaum's Quick Guide to Writing Great Research Papers New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

10. Appendix – Significant Figures Whenever we do a calculation we must make sure we use the correct number of significant figures. In chemistry we tend to multiply and divide during calculations so we only need to concern ourselves with significant figures (not decimal places). The rule we follow is: The product of a calculation must have the same number of significant figures (s.f.) as the lowest s.f. of the numbers used Example: 0.250 x 0.11 = 0.028 3s.f. 2s.f. Lowest s.f.