1. Observations & Measurements

2. Observations Information gained through our five senses Can be qualitative or quantitative

3. Types of Observations Qualitative descriptions  Color  Texture  Formation of solids, liquids, gases  Heat changes - relative  Other non-numerical observations

4. Clear versus Colorless Clear See-through Cloudy Parts are see- through with solid “cloud” in it Opaque Cannot be seen through at all Words to describe transparency Colorless does not describe transparency  You can be clear & colored

5. Clear versus Colorless Cherry Kool-ade Example: Describe the following in terms of transparency words & colors Whole Milk Water

6. Clear versus Colorless Cherry Kool-adeClear & red Example: Describe the following in terms of transparency words & colors Whole Milk Water Opaque & white Clear & Colorless

7. Types of Observations Quantitative measurements - Data International System of Units (SI Units) are used Quantity Mass (how much stuff is there) Unit Kilogram (kg) Instrument used Balance Volume (how much space it takes up) Liters (L) Graduated cylinder Temperature (how fast the particles are moving) Kelvin (K) or Celsius (°C) Thermometer Length Meters (m) Meter stick Time Seconds (sec) stopwatch Energy Joules (J) (Measured indirectly)

8. Uncertainty in Measurement Every measurement has a degree of uncertainty The last decimal you write down is an estimate  Write down a “5” if it’s in-between lines  Write down a “0” if it’s on the line 5 mL 10 15 20 25 mL 5 mL 10 15 20 25 mL Remember: Always read liquid levels from the bottom of the meniscus (the bubble at the top) Example: Read the measurements

9. Uncertainty in Measurement Every measurement has a degree of uncertainty The last decimal you write down is an estimate  Write down a “5” if it’s in-between lines  Write down a “0” if it’s on the line 5 mL 10 15 20 25 mL 5 mL 10 15 20 25 mL Example: Read the measurements It’s in- between the 10 & 11 line 10.5 mL It’s on the 12 line 12.0 mL

10. Uncertainty in Measurement Example: Read the measurements 1234567812345678

11. Uncertainty in Measurement Example: Read the measurements 1234567812345678 It’s right on the 4.3 line 4.30 It’s between the 3.8 & 3.9 line 3.85

12. Uncertainty in Measurement Choose the right instrument  If you need to measure out 5 mL, don’t choose the graduated cylinder that can hold 100 mL. Use the 10 or 25 mL cylinder The smaller the measurement, the more an error matters—use extra caution with small quantities  If you’re measuring 5 mL & you’re off by 1 mL, that’s a 20% error  If you’re measuring 100 mL & you’re off by 1 mL, that’s only a 1% error

13. Inference

16. We will cover: Data Tables Line Graphs Bar Graphs Circle Graphs We will cover: Data Tables Line Graphs Bar Graphs Circle Graphs

17. As a student, you should be able to : 1. Interpret and read graphs 2. Construct data tables 3.Construct different types of graphs (line graphs, bar graphs, circle graphs)

18. When data is collected, it presented in a way that others can view and make sense of it. Often the data will be presented in a _________ or a _____. Data tables are a way of _________ the information. Graphs are _______________ that represent ______________. data tablegraph organizing pictorial diagrams numerical data

19. Interpreting Graphs Study the line graph and answer the following question. 1.What information is being shown in this graph? This graph shows the effect of different concentrations of fertilizer on the growth of three different types of plants.

20. Study the bar graph to the right and answer the following questions: 1.Do fish grow to a larger weight in pond water or in tap water? Pond water. 1.Do fish grow to a larger weight in pond water or in tap water? Pond water. 2.Which grow larger, the males or the females? Females 2.Which grow larger, the males or the females? Females

21. Making a Data Table As scientists collect data, it must be recorded in an organized fashion. Any time data is collected in an experiment, it is most often presented in a table. The data table must have a title, rows, columns, and heads. The title should be placed at the top and tells the observer what information is contained in the table.

22. Making a Line Graph Line graphs show data plotted as points that are connected by a line. Line graphs are often used to show change over time and can be used to compare two or more sets of data. The independent variable is the one being manipulated or changed during the experiment. It is always placed on the x-axis or horizontal axis. The dependent variable is the observed/measured result of the independent variable being changed. The dependent variable is always placed on the y-axis or vertical axis.

23. Making a Bar Graph Bar graphs are useful for showing comparisons of data collected by counting. A bar graph has two axes, a horizontal axis and a vertical axis. Generally the horizontal axis is labeled and the vertical axis is divided by quantity. The data are not related so the bars do not touch.

24. Circle graphs are used less often in science reporting, but they are often seen in newspapers and magazines. A circle graph is a convenient way to show the relative sizes of the parts that form an entire body of data. Circle graphs are used less often in science reporting, but they are often seen in newspapers and magazines. A circle graph is a convenient way to show the relative sizes of the parts that form an entire body of data.

25. Under what circumstance would each of the following types of graphs be best used? a)Line Graph: Line graphs are often used to show change over time and can be used to compare two or more sets of data. b)Bar Graph: Bar graphs are useful for showing comparisons of data collected by counting. c)Circle Graphs: Circle graphs are best used to give the viewer an overall or broad picture view of smaller groups of data and how the smaller groups fit into the whole.

26. Compiled using a variety of Internet resources and slide shows created by science teachers