1. Speciation The process by which one species splits into two or more species

2. Microevolution to Macroevolution Biological SpeciesReproductive Isolation A group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile, offspring

3. Reproductive Barriers Prezygotic BarriersPostzygotic Barriers Habitat Isolation Temporal Isolation Behavioral Isolation Mechanical Isolation Gametic Isolation Reduced Hybrid Viability Reduced Hybrid Fertility Hybrid Breakdown

4. Reproductive Barriers AP Edition Campbell Biology 9 th edition

5. Reproductive Barriers AP Edition Campbell Biology 9 th edition

6. Speciation AllopatricSympatric http://www.csus.edu/indiv/l/loom/preview%2027.ht m http://study.com/academy/lesson/sympatric- speciation-example-definition-quiz.html

7. Speciation Rates Vary https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/evolution-and-the-origin-of- species-18/reconnection-and-rates-of-speciation-126/varying-rates-of-speciation-506-11732/

8. Species Extinction Rates http://news.mongabay.com/2007/0312- interview_peter_raven.html

9. Five Major Extinctions (names & dates of these extinctions are beyond the scope of this course and the AP exam) Catastrophic Methane Release, Flood basalt eruptions, Climate change, & Impact Events. http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/extinction_causes Possible Causes

10. http://www.deathreference.com/En-Gh/Extinction.html The Five greatest mass extinctions Ordivician -silurian Late Devonian Permian- triassic Late Triassic Final Cretaceous When Occurred 439 million years ago 365 million years ago 251 million years ago 199–214 million years ago 65 million years ago CasualtiesUp to estimated 85% species and 45–60% of marine genuses killed. 70–80% of all species and 30% of families vanish; marine life more decimated than freshwater and land fauna. Most devastating of all, eliminating 85–90% of all marine and land vertebrate species, 95% of marine species. End of trilobites and many trees. More than three quarters of all species and one quarter of families disappear. End of mammal -like reptiles and eel–like conodonts, leaving mainly dinosaurs.mammal -like reptiles 47% of marine genuses and 18% of land vertebrates wiped out, including the dinosaurs, leaving mainly turtles, lizards, birds, and mammals.

11. Adaptive Radiation - new niches open after mass extinctions to allow for evolution of organisms that are adapted to specialized modes of life. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5310/adaptive-radiation