1. Transformations in Europe, 1500 - 1750

2. I. Culture and Ideas

3. A. Religious Reformation
Papacy – St. Peter’s Basilica
Indulgences
Martin Luther (1483 – 1546)
Salvation from faith in Jesus Christ – not works
Rejection of papal authority – Protestant Reformation
Bible, printing press
German support/nationalism

4. What do you believe was the motivation for Frederick the Wise to support Martin Luther? (Did religion or politics motivate his actions?)

5. Religious Reformation Continued…
John Calvin (1509 – 1564)
Faith not enough, salvation a gift from God – “predestined”
Organization, lifestyle
Religious movements connected to political circumstances
Trent – Catholic Reformation
Jesuits
Wars of Religion

6. How was the Catholic campaign against Protestantism similar and different from other campaigns against heretics and non-Christians?

7. B. Traditional Thinking and Witch - Hunts
Folklore/magic
Christian teachings – miracles, devils, etc.
Natural events – supernatural causes
Lisbon – 1755
Accused women and their fates…
Reformation’s focus on the Devil
Fear of independent women
Women’s sphere of influence

8. Why was there an increase in witch hunts in spite of new scientific and academic advances?

10. C. The Scientific Revolution
Influence of Greco – Roman sources/Bible
Aristotle – four elements and physics
Pythagoras
Scientific Revolution – observation
Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543) – heliocentric universe (Nasir al-Din)
Tycho Braches and Johannes Kepler – elliptical orbits

11. The Scientific Revolution Continued…
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) – telescope
Challenge to religious/traditional beliefs
Galileo’s view of God’s truth
Jesuits, Roman Inquisition, The Starry Messenger
Robert Boyle – chemistry
Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) – common physics, law of gravity
Hostility of the church, challenges to authority

12. Which scientist was most important to the Scientific Revolution and why?

13. D. The Early Enlightenment
Laws of human behavior – Enlightenment
Resistance to Enlightenment thinkers
Reaction against religious violence
Appreciation of non – Western examples of governance/behavior
Optimistic about future of human behavior/institutions

14. II. Social and Economic Life

15. A. The Bourgeoisie
Merchant ships – fluit, “East Indiaman” Dutch banks – investments, capital
Cartography
Population growth in London, Paris
Bourgeoisie – work/lifestyle
Netherlands – textile industry, used foreign raw materials, publishing endeavors
Amsterdam – commercial fleets dominated overseas trade during 1600s

16. The Bourgeoisie continued…
Family connections/merchant colonies in European cities
Alliances with monarchies
Joint – stock companies
Stock exchanges
Canals
British/Dutch competition – English supremacy
Gentry – alliances with old nobility; exemption from taxes

17. Most of the Dutch were Calvinists
Most of the Dutch were Calvinists. What is the connection that is made between their capitalism and religion?

18. B. Peasants and Laborers
Decline of serfdom/slavery in Western Europe – relation to the Americas
Challenges to peasants – Little Ice Age
Impact of new crops from Americas by 1700
Exports of wheat
Deforestation – coke (1709), impact on peasants
Spinning yarn
Migration to cities - no relief from poverty
Rebellions of the poor in Early Modern Europe – resentment against privileged/landowning classes, exemption from taxation

19. Why do you believe uprisings of the poor do not happen more often?

20. C. Women and the Family
Women lower than men but mitigated by class/wealth
Importance of a good marriage
Choice in marriage/reasons for age
Abandoned children/rape
Solid education for sons – languages, business
Exclusion/participation of women in Renaissance, Scientific Rev., Enlightenment

21. What avenues offered women the most independence during the early modern period? What was the cost of that independence?

22. III. Political Innovations

23. A. State Development Political diversity Holy Roman Empire – German
Charles V – Habsburg – united Christian Europe vs. Ottomans
French/German opposition
German Wars of Religion and the Peace of Augsburg (1555)
France, Spain, England strengthening central authority

25. B. Religious Policies
Spain/France – defended Catholicism (Spanish Inquisition)
French Wars of Religion – Henry of Navarre, Edict of Nantes
England – Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon, support of Parliament to make English monarch head of Church of England
Disbanding of monasteries/church lands
Not as many reforms as English Puritans wanted

26. C. Monarchies in England and France
England – Charles I disbanded Parliament, needed help to gather taxes, Parliament wanted guarantees of rights – English Civil War in 1642
Charles I executed, Oliver Cromwell instated, eventually Charles II restored
James II a Catholic threat
Queen Mary and William of Orange – Glorious Revolution of 1688
English Bill of Rights 1689

27. Monarchies in England and France Continued…
Estates General
Monarchs sold appointments/efficient tax collection
Louis XIV – Palace of Versailles, kept political intrigues out of Paris
French model widely admired
John Lock (1632 – 1704) – disputed divine right of monarchs, authority from consent of the governed

28. D. Warfare and Diplomacy
Warfare common in Early Modern period
Expensive/destructive
Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648)
European armed forces much stronger – larger armies, centralized command structures, training, fortifications
Stalemates – navy
Henry VIII – investment in navy, influence of the Dutch, creation of Great Britain
Prevented Spain/France from uniting
Balance of power

30. E. Paying the Piper
Post 1600 – states needed more revenue for militaries
Alliances with rising commercial elite – needed space AND support
Spanish wars, religious expulsions, and aristocratic exemption from taxes
American gold/silver – inflation
Netherlands revolted against Spanish policies – 1648 achieved full independence

31. Paying the Piper Continued…
United Netherlands decentralized – excelled in trade, commercial interests
Rise of the English navy/merchant ships
English “financial revolution” – taxed aristocracy, collected taxes directly, central bank
France – some adjustments but stifled by aristocracy