1. Journal #4 – Geologic Time 1. What types of information is included on the geologic time scale? 2. What is the difference between an Era and an Epoch? 3. According to the geologic time scale, how has life on Earth changed since the beginning of time?

2. Objective: Understanding the events of Earth’s past and how they are organized into a chart.

3. Geologic Time Organic Evolution The change in life-forms through time Species A group of organisms that normally reproduce only with themselves

4. Species 2 Different Species Breed Offspring unable to reproduce

5. Adaptation The ability to change to survive Ex. Light colored peppered moths camouflaged on light tree bark; pollution causes them to change to darker colors to survive Ex. Galapagos finches and their beaks

6. Natural Selection Organisms with traits that are suited to a certain environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing 1836 by Charles Darwin

7. Evolution Main Causes of Evolution Changes to the environment Caused by plate tectonics Competition with others for resources

8. Endangered vs. Extinct Endangered When only a small number of members are living Extinct When none of its members are living

9. Extinction Human Contribution to Extinction Destruction of habitats Competition for same food supply Overhunting

10. Geologic Time Geologic Time Scale A record of Earth’s history that shows events of life, earth processes, time units and ages Divided into smaller units based on Types of life-forms living at that time Geologic events occurring at that time

11. Geologic Time ErasPeriodsEpochs Largest Based on life- forms and fossil evidence Divide Eras Based on life- forms and geologic events Smallest Divide Periods

12. Geologic Time Precambrian Longest geologic time unit in Earth’s history Began: 4600 million years ago (4.6 billion years) Ended: 540 million years ago

13. Precambrian Precambrian Fossils Limited Rocks deeply buried or eroded Rocks have been changed by heat and pressure Early organisms were soft-bodied Early organisms were small and single-celled

14. Cyanobacteria Bacteria and algae combine and photosynthesize to form stromatolites Appeared: 3.5 billion years ago Take in CO 2, Release O 2

15. Cyanobacteria Importance: changed Earth’s atmosphere by adding free oxygen to the air Formed the ozone layer protecting organisms from UV light Single-celled organisms evolved into complex organisms

16. Invertebrate Animal without a backbone Appeared: end of the Precambrian Ex. Jellyfish, sponges, worms

17. Paleozoic Era “Ancient Life” Beginning marked by the development of hard parts Began: 540 million years ago Ended: 245 million years ago

18. Paleozoic Era Abundant Life: ocean dwelling marine organisms Caused by warm, shallow seas covering most of earth Appeared: Cambrian Period Ex. Trilobites, brachiopods, cephalopods, crinoids

19. Paleozoic Era Animals Vertebrate Animals with a backbone Appeared: Ordovician Period Ex. Jawless fish, bony fishes, reptiles, mammals

20. Paleozoic Era Animals Amphibian Vertebrates that live on land by must return to water to reproduce (lay eggs) Appeared: Devonian Period Ex. Frogs, salamanders

21. Paleozoic Era Animals Reptiles Vertebrates that live entirely on land; eggs have leathery or mineralized covering Appeared: Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian Period) Ex. Tortoises, snakes, lizards, crocodiles

22. Paleozoic Era Plants Ferns, Palms, Ginkgos, Pines Appeared: Devonian Period

23. Paleozoic Era Plants Gymnosperms “naked seed plant”; no fruit covering their seeds Appeared: Carboniferous Period Ex. Eastern White Pine

24. Paleozoic Era Appalachian Mountains Formed at the end of the Paleozoic What marked the end of the Paleozoic? Largest mass extinction in Earth’s history Formation of Pangaea

25. Mesozoic Era “Middle Life” “Age of the Dinosaurs” Began: 245 million years ago Ended: 66 million years ago

26. Mesozoic Era PangaeaLaurasiaGondwanaland All ContinentsNorth America, Europe, Asia, Greenland South America, Africa, Antarctica, India, Australia

27. Mesozoic Era Animals Small Dinosaurs Appeared: Triassic Period Evidence of being Warm-Blooded Tracks (trace fossils) indicate fast motion Traveled in herds and nurtured young Bone structure resembles other warm-blooded animals

28. Mesozoic Era Animals Mammals Appeared: Triassic Period Traits Allowing Survival Hair or Fur Warm Blooded Produce Milk to Feed Young

29. Mesozoic Era Animals Birds Appeared: Jurassic Period Ex. Archaeopteryx had wings and feathers like a bird, teeth, claws and tail like a dinosaur

30. Mesozoic Era Plants Angiosperms Flowering plants Produce seeds with a hard outer covering and/or fruit Appeared: Early Cretaceous Period Ex. Fruits, vegetables, flowers, flowering trees

31. Mesozoic Era What marked the end of the Mesozoic Era? Break up of Pangaea Seas drained from lands Extensive volcanism Extinction of the dinosaurs

32. Cenozoic Era “Recent Life” Age of the Mammals Begin: 66 million years ago Current Time

33. Cenozoic Era Alps in Europe Form from the collision between African and Eurasian Plates

34. Cenozoic Era The Himalaya Mountains Formed from the collision between the Indian and Eurasian Plates

35. Cenozoic Era Animals Placental Mammals Nourish their young internally from a placenta Offspring born live and independent First Appeared: Cretaceous Period Ex. Rodents, bats, dogs, cats, cows, humans

36. Cenozoic Era Animals Marsupials Offspring are born immature Must complete development in a pouch First Appeared: Cretaceous Period Ex. Kangaroo, koala, wombat, opossum Australia has the greats population of marsupials

37. Cenozoic Era Animals Monotremes Egg-laying mammals Ex. Platypus

38. Homo Sapiens Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis Homo Sapiens Sapiens 500,000 years ago250,000 years ago100,000 years ago

39. Humans Dominant life form for the past 10,000 years Started agriculture, domestication of animals, cities, writing