1. Group Influence: Lecture #7 topics  The presence of others  Interacting with others  Competing with others

2. The presence of others Space shuttle Columbia crew

3. The presence of others Space shuttle Challenger crew

4. The presence of others

5. group: set of individuals having at least one of the following characteristics:  direct ________ with each other over a period of time  joint membership in a ________ (e.g., gender)  shared common ________, ________, or ________

6. The presence of others Triplett (1897):  noticed that cyclists racing against each other were ________ than cyclists racing alone  hypothesis: “presence of another person releases ________ instinct, increasing nervous energy & ________ performance”  found that kids wound fishing reels ________ working side by side than working alone  BUT, followup findings were mixed, until…

7. The presence of others Zajonc’s solution: Other people’s presence increases arousal Increased arousal increases tendency to perform dominant response EASY TASK: Dominant response = ________ performance HARD TASK: Dominant response = ________ performance “ ________ ________ ”

8. The presence of others Derek Jeter Annika Sorenstam

9. The presence of others ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS evaluation apprehension theory: performance will be ________ / ________, but only when in the presence of people ________ your performance

10. The presence of others ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS distraction conflict theory: distraction while performing creates ________ ________, increasing ________

11. The presence of others Ringelmann (1880s):  people’s individual productivity dropped when they worked together than when they worked alone  was it due to lack of ________ or ________ ?  lack of ________  Ingham (1974): people pulled a rope 20% harder when alone than when they thought they were in a group

12. The presence of others Latané et al. (1979): HIGH LOW 1246 Group Size Sound Pressure per Person Cheering Clapping

13. The presence of others social loafing: group-produced ________ in ________ input on tasks where individual contributions are ________  occurs in relay races, collective farms, classroom projects, etc.

14. The presence of others SOCIAL LOAFING CAN BE REDUCED IF:  people think personal performance is ________  the task is ________ to them  people expect ________ for poor performance  the group is ________

15. The presence of others deindividuation: loss of individuality & normal constraints against deviant behaviour

16. The presence of others CONTRIBUTING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS low accountability:  people may deliberately engage in acts that are normally inhibited (e.g., robbing a bank) decreased self-awareness:  decreased attention to ________ standards of behaviour & ________ consequences  e.g., trick-or-treaters

17. The presence of others social identity model of deindividuation:  in deindividuating situations, ________ identity is submerged, ________ identity emerges, & conformity to group ________  effects can be ________ / ________, depending on group norms  if norms negative: deindividuation can lead to ________  if norms positive: deindividuation can lead to ________

18. The presence of others Johnson & Downing (1979): HIGH LOW KKK robeNurse's uniform Shock intensity Participant identifiable Participant anonymous

19. Interacting with others WHY WE BELONG TO GROUPS  increased chance of survival & reproduction  we accomplish things in groups that we can’t accomplish alone  groups offer social ________ & ________, even if the group is low-status  it’s nice to be a big fish in a little pond

20. Interacting with others GROUP POLARIZATION Are groups more likely to push for risk or caution? Group decision will reflect the ________ Group decision will be more ________ than ________

21. Interacting with others group polarization: group discussion ________ initial leanings of group members  if members initially favour risk, discussion will lead to ________ group decision  if members initially favour caution, discussion will lead to more ________ group decision  e.g., prejudice in high school students

22. Interacting with others

25. groupthink (Janis, 1982):  excessive tendency to seek ________ among group members  emerges when need for ________ takes priority over getting accurate information

26. Interacting with others factors leading to groupthink:  high ________  more likely to reject members with deviant opinions  group structure  ________ groups directed by a strong leader are most vulnerable  ________ situations  urgency can take over motivation to be accurate

27. Interacting with others preventing groupthink:  avoid ________  consult often with people outside the group  reduce ________ pressure  leaders should encourage criticism  establish norm of ________  have a devil’s advocate  hold a “second chance” meeting before taking action

28. Competing with others  an actor stealing a scene from her co-star  basketball player hogging the ball from teammates  CEO wants more of her company’s profits  person wants to use more than his/ her share of non-renewable natural resources mixed motive situations: situations where we have to choose between ________ with others & pursuing our own ________

29. Competing with others social dilemma: situations where making ________ choices creates the ________ outcome for everyone

30. Competing with others the prisoner’s dilemma: A gets 5 yrs B gets 5 yrs Confession (competes with Prisoner A) A gets 10 yrs B gets 0 yrs A gets 0 yrs B gets 10 yrs A gets 1 yr B gets 1 yr No confession (cooperates with Prisoner A) PRISONER B Confession (competes with Prisoner B) No confession (cooperates with Prisoner B) PRISONER A

31. Competing with others tit-for-tat: ________ strategy; cooperation elicits cooperation, competition elicits competition  leads to ________ cooperation than other strategies win-stay, lose-shift: based on ________ principles  continue to compete/ cooperate if payoff is high ( ________ )  shift to opposite action when payoff is low ( ________ )