1. Introduction to Neuroanatomy
Structure-function relationships
Localization of function in the CNS
Non-invasive brain imaging
CAT: structure, low resolution
MRI: structure, high resolution
PET: function, low resolution
fMRI: function, high resolution

2. Dual approach to learning neuroanatomy:
Functional anatomy
Neural structures that serve particular functions; e.g., pain path from skin to cortex for perception
Regional anatomy
Localization of structures in particular brain regions

3. Lecture objectives: First half of lecture:
Overview of brain structures to “demystify” anatomical content in Neural Science lectures
Survey brain structure-function relations to provide background for first labs
First half of lecture:
Quick review of basic CNS organization
Use development to understand principles of structural organization of CNS
Second half: Functional localization

4. Introduction to Neuroanatomy I: Regional Anatomy

5. CNS Organizational Principles
1) Tubular organization of central nervous system
2) Columnar/longitudinal organization of spinal and cranial nerve nuclei
3) Complex C-shaped organization of cerebral cortex and deep structures

6. Brief Overview of Mature CNS Neuroanatomy
Tubular organization of central nervous system
Columnar/longitudinal organization of spinal and cranial nerve nuclei
Nuclei: locations of neuron cell bodies w/in the central nervous system
Ganglia: locations of neuron cell bodies in the periphery
Nerves: locations of axons in the periphery
Tracts: locations of axons w/in the central nervous system

7. SC Dorsal surface Dorsal root Ventral root Gray matter White matter
Spinal nerve
Ventral surface
NTA 1-4 SC

8. Brief Overview of Mature CNS Neuroanatomy
1) Tubular organization of central nervous system
2) Columnar/longitudinal organization of spinal and cranial nerve nuclei
3) Complex C-shaped organization of cerebral cortex and nuclei and structures located beneath cortex
Lateral ventricle
Basal ganglia
Hippocampal formation & Fornix

9. Neural Induction
•Portion of the dorsal ectoderm becomes committed to become the nervous system:
Neural plate

10. Ectoderm
Neural plate
Neural groove
Neural tube wall: neurons & glia of CNS
Neural tube
Neural tube cavity: ventricular system
Neural crest: PNS neurons, etc
White matter
Gray matter
NTA 3-1

11. Neural Tube Development
Brain vesicles:
Rostral
Forebrain
Midbrain
Neural Tube Development
Hindbrain
Rostral neural tube forms the brain
Caudal neural tube forms the spinal cord
Spinal cord
Caudal
Cephalic flexure
NTA 3-2
NT development

12. …by the 5 vesicle stage, all 7 major brain divisions are present
Cerebral hemisphere
Lateral ventricle
Forebrain
Midbrain
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain
3rd ventricle
Pons & Cerebellum
Cerebral
aqueduct
Medulla
4th ventricle
Spinal cord
Central canal
Cephalic flexure
…by the 5 vesicle stage, all 7 major brain divisions are present
NTA 3-2
3 & 5 ves stages

13. MidsagBrain The cephalic flexure persists into maturity

14. NTA 1-13
axes

15. Spinal cord & brain stem have a similar developmental plan
Segmentation
Nuclear organization: columnar

16. SC dev NTA 3-7 Dorsal horn Alar plate Sulcus limitans Central canal
Basal plate
Ventral horn
Dorsal horn
Central
canal
Ventral horn
NTA 3-7
SC dev

17. Dorsal horn
Dorsal root
Ventral root
Ventral horn

18. Similarities between SC and brain stem development
•Sulcus limitans separates sensory and motor nuclei
•Nuclei have columnar shape
Key differences
1) central canal enlargement  motor medial and sensory lateral
2) migration away from ventricle
3) >> sensory and motor

19. Alar plate and migrating neuroblasts
Basal plate
NTA 3-8
BS dev

20. Medulla development NTA 3-9 4th Vent Alar plate Sulcus limitans
Striated/somite
Autonomic.
Striated/branchio.
4th Vent
Alar plate
Vestibular/auditory.
Somatic sensory.
Taste/viscerosensory
Sulcus limitans
Basal plate
Inferior olivary nucleus
Alar plate
Basal plate
NTA 3-9

21. Pons development NTA 3-10 4th Vent Alar plate Basal plate
Striated/branchio.
Alar plate
Striated/somite
Vestibular/auditory.
Somatic sensory.
Taste/viscerosensory
Autonomic.
Basal plate
Sulcus limitans
Pontine nuclei
Alar plate
Basal plate
NTA 3-10

22. Midbrain development NTA 3-11 More like spinal
Cerebral aq.
Alar plate
Somatic sensory.
Autonomic.
Striated/somite
Basal plate
Red nucleus
Sub. nigra
Sulcus limitans
More like spinal
Cord b/c fewer nuclear classes and cerebral aqueduct
Basal plate
NTA 3-11

23. Similarities between forebrain and hindbrain/spinal development
•Tubular
Key differences
1) CH more complex than BS/SC
2) Cortical gyri more complex anatomy than nuclei
3) Subcortical nuclei are C-shaped
Confusing: structure in two places on image

24. Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus Gateway to cortex
Control of endocrine and bodily functions
Circadian rhythms
Etc.

25. NTA 3-14
CH dev

26. Cerebral Cortex Development
Parietal
Frontal
Occipital
Temporal

27. Forebrain Development & C-shaped Structures
Cerebral cortex (NTA 3-15)
Lateral ventricles (NTA 3-16)
Striatum (NTA 3-16)
Hippocampal formation and fornix (NTA 3-17)

28. Summary 7 Major components of the central nervous system & Ventricles
All present from ~ 1st prenatal month
Longitudinal organization of SC and BS nuclei
Columns
Anatomical and functional divisions
C-shape organization of cerebral hemisphere structures and diencephalic
Cerebral cortex
Lateral ventricle
Striatum
Hippocampal formation and fornix