1. The Nervous System Chapter 49

2. Overview: Command and Control Center
The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons, organized into circuits more complex than the most powerful supercomputers
A recent advance in brain exploration involves a method for expressing combinations of colored proteins in brain cells, a technique called “brainbow”
This may allow researchers to develop detailed maps of information transfer between regions of the brain
Figure 49.1

3. 49.1 Vertebrate Nervous System

4. Autonomic Nervous system
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Heart rate slows, pupils constrict, blood vessels dilate
Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, blood vessels constrict
Returns body to rest
Regulates arousal and energy generation (“fight-or-flight” response)
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. d. Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions.
LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information.

5. Concept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized

6. Left cerebral hemisphere Right cerebral hemisphere
Figure 49.9c
Left cerebral hemisphere
Right cerebral hemisphere
Cerebral cortex
Corpus callosum
Cerebrum
Basal nuclei
Figure 49.9 Exploring: The Organization of the Human Brain
Cerebellum
Adult brain viewed from the rear

7. Sleep and arousal The brainstem and cerebrum control arousal and sleep
The core of the brainstem has a diffuse network of neurons called the reticular formation
This regulates the amount and type of information that reaches the cerebral cortex and affects alertness
The hormone melatonin is released by the pineal gland and plays a role in bird and mammal sleep cycles

8. Emotions in the limbic system
Generation and experience of emotions involve many brain structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus
The limbic system also functions in motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
d. Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions.

9. Emotions in the limbic system
Generation and experience of emotion also require interaction between the limbic system and sensory areas of the cerebrum
The structure most important to the storage of emotion in the memory is the amygdala, a mass of nuclei near the base of the cerebrum

10. Brainstem Medulla oblongata
Contains centers that control visceral (autonomic, homeostatic) functions
Breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion
Pons
Have nuclei in the medulla that regulate breathing centers
Midbrain
Centers for receipt and integration of sensory information
Coordinates large-scale body movements such as walking
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
d. Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions.

11. Cerebellum Primary function is coordination of movement and balance
Receives information about position from joints and length of muscles, as well as auditory and visual systems
Plays role in learning and remembering motor responses (hand-eye coordination)
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. d. Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions.
LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals.
LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information.
LO 3.46 The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response.

12. Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Main input center for sensory information going to cerebrum
Receives input from cerebrum to regulate emotion and arousal
Hypothalamus
Source of posterior pituitary hormones and releasing hormones that act on anterior pituitary
Regulates body temp, thirst, hunger, other basic survival mechanisms
Plays role in sexual response and mating behaviors, fight-or-flight response, and pleasure
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses. d. Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions.
LO 3.45 The student is able to describe how nervous systems transmit information.
LO 3.46 The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response.

13. Concept 49.3: The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
The cerebrum, the largest structure in the human brain
Controls skeletal muscle contraction
Essential for awareness, language, cognition, memory, consciousness, and perception
Four regions, or lobes (frontal, temporal, occipital, and parietal), are landmarks for particular functions

14. Language and Speech
Studies of brain activity have mapped areas responsible for language and speech
Broca’s area in the frontal lobe is active when speech is generated
Wernicke’s area in the temporal lobe is active when speech is heard
These areas belong to a larger network of regions involved in language
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
d. Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions.
LO 3.46 The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response.

15. Lateralization of Cortical Function
The left hemisphere -- language, math, logic, and processing of serial sequences
The right hemisphere -- pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking, and emotional processing
The two hemispheres work together by communicating through the fibers of the corpus callosum
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
d. Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions.
LO 3.46 The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response.

16. Lateralization of Cortical Function
Clusters of neurons (basal nuclei) are centers for planning and learning movement sequences
Damage here during fetal development can result in cerebral palsy, a disorder resulting from a disruption in the transmission of motor commands to the muscles.
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
LO 3.46 The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response.

17. Information Processing
The cerebral cortex receives input from sensory organs and somatosensory receptors
Somatosensory receptors provide information about touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and the position of muscles and limbs
The thalamus directs different types of input to distinct locations
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals.

18. Information Processing
Adjacent areas process features in the sensory input and integrate information from different sensory areas
Integrated sensory information passes to the prefrontal cortex, which helps plan actions and movements
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
LO 3.44 The student is able to describe how nervous systems detect external and internal signals.

19. somatosensory cortex and motor cortex
Neurons are arranged according to the part of the body that generates input or receives commands
Motor- surface area related to neuronal control needed
Somatosensory- surface area related to number of sensory neuron axons to that part
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
d. Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions.
LO 3.46 The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response.

20. Frontal Lobe Function
Frontal lobe damage may impair decision making and emotional responses but leave intellect and memory intact
The frontal lobes have a substantial effect on “executive functions”
Essential knowledge 3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
d. Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions.
LO 3.46 The student is able to describe how the vertebrate brain integrates information to produce a response.