1. Part 3, Chapter 8 - Vocabulary
These flashcards have been designed as a study tool to assist in your mastery of each chapter’s vocabulary and accompanying concepts.
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Personality: A Systems Approach, By John D. Mayer
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon  Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Flashcards by Rebecca Disbrow
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

2. Personality Structure
The relatively enduring, distinct major areas of the personality system, and their interrelations and interconnections. These different areas of personality can be distinguished according to their different contents, functions, or other characteristics.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

3. Hierarchical Structure of Traits
This is a structural conception or theory about traits in which there are said to be big traits or super traits that can be divided into a larger number of lower-level, specific traits.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

4. Big or Super Traits
These are very general, broad, thematic expressions of mental life that are relatively consistent within the individual, and that can be subdivided into more specific traits.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

5. Big Two Supertraits
This is a specific, hierarchical structural model of traits, proposed by Hans Eysenck, in which two traits: Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism-Stability, are divisible into more specific traits. Collectively, the two supertraits and their subdivisions are said to describe much of personality.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

6. Big Three Supertraits
This is a later modification of the Big Two Supertrait model by Eysenck in which a third supertrait, Psychoticism-Tender Mindedness, was added.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

7. Big Five Model
This is a hierarchical structural model of traits, developed by a number of researchers, in which five broad traits are used to describe personality. The five are: Neuroticism-Stability, Extraversion-Introversion, Openness-Closedness, Agreeableness-Disagreeableness, and Conscientiousness-Carelessness.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

8. Lexical Hypothesis
The hypothesis that the most important personality traits are those that can be found in the language people use to describe one another.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

9. Consciousness
A subjective experience of attention and awareness, and the capacity to reflect on that awareness.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

10. Declarative Memory or Preconscious
Declarative memory includes all the information in memory that could be consciously retrieved if necessary. The preconscious was Freud’s earlier term for this aspect of memory.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

11. Unconscious
A part of the mind that cannot or does not readily enter awareness.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

12. No-Access Unconscious or Unconscious Proper
Portions of neural activity that take place with no connection to consciousness, such as the firing of individual nerve pathways or the elementary processing of psychological information.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

13. Implicit (automatic) Unconscious
A type of mental bias or process that can be determined from experimental measures of memory but of which the person is unaware.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

14. False Fame Effect
An effect in which familiarity with a name leads a person to falsely believe the name is of a famous person.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

15. Unnoticed Unconscious
A type of mental process that consists of influences that could be known if the person paid attention or if the person was taught about the influence, that that goes unnoticed for many or most people.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

16. Dynamic Unconscious
Material that is made unconscious through the redirection of attention, because the material is too painful or unpleasant to think about or feel.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

17. Defense Mechanisms
Mental processes that divert attention from painful or unpleasant things to think about. Defense mechanisms help keep material dynamically unconscious.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

18. Functional Models
Divisions of personality based on the idea that different parts of the system carry out different forms of work (e.g., meeting the organisms needs [motivation] versus solving complex problems [cognition]).
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

19. Id
Latin for the “it”. One part of Freud’s structural division of mind (the other parts are the ego and superego). The id contains sexual and aggressive instincts, and wishes and fantasies related to those instincts.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

20. Ego
Latin for the “self”, a part of Freud’s structural division of mind that involves rational thought and the control of the person’s actions in the world.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

21. Superego
Latin for “above the self”, the superego is a part of Freud’s structural division of the mind that involves internalized social rules of conduct and a sense of the ideal one would like to become.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

22. Trilogy of Mind
This structural model of personality divides the system into three different functional areas: conation (motivation), affect (emotion), and cognition (thought).
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

23. Faculty Psychology
An eighteenth-century movement, predating modern personality psychology, to divide the mind into separate intellectual functions called faculties, which include such broad areas as motivation, emotion, and cognition. Each functional area is, in turn, divided into more specific functions.
For example, cognition is subdivided into specific faculties of memory, judgment, evaluation, and the like.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

24. Quaternity of Mind
An expanded version of the trilogy of mind that adds consciousness to the traditional areas of motivation, emotion, and cognition.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

25. Triune Brain
A structural model of the human brain that divides its physical areas according to whether the structures resemble those found in reptiles, or whether the brain structures evolved at a later time and resemble those of early mammals, or of more recently evolved mammals.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

26. Reptilian Brain
The oldest part of the brain and the part of the “Triune Brain” structural model that includes such early-evolved, inner structures of the brain as the brain stem, pons, and the cerebellum, and portions of the thalamus and hypothalamus.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

27. Paleo (Old-) Mammalian Brain
A newer-evolved portion of the brain, shared in common among many mammals, that includes limbic system structures.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

28. Limbic System
A group of brain structures including the hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus, that together regulate motives, emotions, memory, and physiological processes.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

29. Neo (New-) Mammalian Brain
The newest-evolved portion of the brain, shared in common among primates and including the thick outer later of the cerebral cortex.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

30. Cerebral Cortex
The outer surface of the brain including massive inter-associations among neurons; most responsible for higher mental processes and reasoning.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

31. Body Homunculus
A band of areas in the cerebral cortex, where each area corresponds to a part of the body, in order, such as toes, foot, lower leg, and so forth.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

32. Systems Set
A structural model of personality that emphasizes four functional areas: the energy lattice (motivation and emotion), the knowledge works (mental models and intelligence), the social actor (procedural knowledge for behavior), and the executive consciousness (self-awareness and control).
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

33. Connective Structural Models
Models that illustrate the relationship between personality and its surrounding environment.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

34. Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)
A structural division of personality proposed by Walter Mischel and his colleagues which divides personality into cognitive structures such as expectancies and beliefs, and into affects (emotions).
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

35. Life Space
The systems, including biological underpinnings, social settings, interactive situations, and group memberships, which surround the individual and in which the individual operates.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together

36. Personality Dynamics
Broadly speaking, the influence of one part of personality on another.
Part 2 – Personality Organization
Chapter 8 – How the Parts of Personality Fit Together