1. Oracle on Windows Server Introduction to Oracle10g on Microsoft Windows Server

2. Overview Introduction to Relational Database Management Systems Introduction to Table Structures Introduction to SQL Windows Specifics Oracle Architecture Overview Accessing Oracle Data in Applications Oracle10g New Features

3. Oracle Founded in 1977 Most popular RDBMS Runs on numerous platforms From Mainframes to PDAs From Mainframes to PDAs One of the largest software companies in the world

4. Oracle RDBMS RDBMS Relational Database Management System Relational Database Management System Data is held relationally Data is held relationally Hence the term RDBMS Hence the term RDBMS Data stored in one “table” is related to data stored in other tables Data stored in one “table” is related to data stored in other tables The data is the database Oracle (the program) is the RDBMS AKA the Oracle Server AKA the Oracle Server

5. Oracle Windows Specifics Everything is a thread Multiple System and User threads run under one Oracle process Multiple System and User threads run under one Oracle process System Global Area (SGA) memory and User Memory (Program Global Area) share one common memory space System Global Area (SGA) memory and User Memory (Program Global Area) share one common memory space Oracle provides MMC plugins for Windows Administration Assistant for Windows NT Administration Assistant for Windows NT Oracle for Windows NT Performance Monitor Oracle for Windows NT Performance Monitor 64-bit Oracle 10g is available for 64-bit Windows Server 2003 Greatly increases scalability over 32-bit Oracle on 32-bit Windows Greatly increases scalability over 32-bit Oracle on 32-bit Windows Greatly increases connectivity over 32-bit Oracle on 32-bit Windows Greatly increases connectivity over 32-bit Oracle on 32-bit Windows

6. The actual running RDBMS Made up of Oracle Memory Oracle Memory SGA SGA System Global Area System Global Area Shared among all of the users accessing the instance Shared among all of the users accessing the instance PGA PGA Program Global Area Program Global Area Specific to each user Specific to each user User memory User memory For sorts, joins, etc. For sorts, joins, etc. Threads (Threads of the Oracle Process) Threads (Threads of the Oracle Process) User (Server ) Threads User (Server ) Threads Do work on behalf of the user Do work on behalf of the user AKA User Threads AKA User Threads Background (Oracle) Threads Background (Oracle) Threads Maintenance and functions on behalf of Oracle Maintenance and functions on behalf of Oracle Oracle Threads Oracle Threads Oracle Instance Architecture (MS Windows)

7. Oracle Memory Oracle Instance Oracle Memory (SGA)

8. Memory Used by Oracle SGA DB_CACHE_SIZE DB_CACHE_SIZE Shared pool, large pool, log buffer, variable area Shared pool, large pool, log buffer, variable area Memory per user X number of users PGA PGA Sort Area Sort Area Hash Area Hash Area

9. SGA System Global Area Buffer Cache Stores database buffers (data) Stores database buffers (data) Usually the largest piece of memory Usually the largest piece of memory Shared Pool Used internally Used internally Log Buffer Used for logging Used for logging Large Pool Variable Area

10. SGA

11. Background Threads Oracle Instance Oracle Memory (SGA) PMON SMONDBWRLGWRARCHRECO

12. Background Threads Database Writer (DWRn) Log Writer (LGWR) System Monitor (SMON) Process Monitor (PMON) Recoverer (RECO) Archiver (ARCn) Checkpoint (CKPT) Job Queue (CJQn, Jn) Queue Monitor (QMNn) Other Background Threads

13. MMON Issues alerts against system metric thresholds Issues alerts against system metric thresholds Captures modified SQL and garners statistics Captures modified SQL and garners statisticsMMNL Captures session history and metrics computation Captures session history and metrics computationMMAN Exclusively for internal database tasks Exclusively for internal database tasksRBAL Used to balance ASM disk activity Used to balance ASM disk activityOSMB Used to communicate between an ASM instance and a database instance Used to communicate between an ASM instance and a database instance

14. User Threads Oracle Instance Oracle Memory (SGA) PMON SMONDBWnLGWRARCnRECO USER THREAD

15. User (Server) Threads Shadows the User Thread (for “Dedicated” Server Processes) Works on behalf of the User Thread Reads data from database First checks buffer cache First checks buffer cache Reads from datafiles into the buffer cache Reads from datafiles into the buffer cache Modifies data in the buffer cache Does not write to datafiles Does not write to datafiles

16. Other Threads Query Servers Used for Parallel Query Used for Parallel Query Can increase multi-processor utilization percentage Can increase multi-processor utilization percentage Shared Server Processes Used with MTS (Multi Threaded Server) to decrease memory usage by using a shared pool of processes Used with MTS (Multi Threaded Server) to decrease memory usage by using a shared pool of processesDispatchers Used with MTS to match user connection requests to shared servers Used with MTS to match user connection requests to shared servers RAC specific Threads Used when Cluster Ready Services are installed and enabled Used when Cluster Ready Services are installed and enabled

17. A working database system involves interaction of the following elements: Oracle Instance – tasks that access data in the database and the Oracle memory Oracle Instance – tasks that access data in the database and the Oracle memory Oracle data files – stores of data on disk Oracle data files – stores of data on disk Elements of a Database System Memory Threads Data Files Oracle Instance

18. Data Structures Data files Basic Building Blocks Basic Building Blocks File system files File system files Raw partitions Raw partitionsBlocks The basic storage container The basic storage container Configurable size (2048, 4096..16384) Configurable size (2048, 4096..16384) Contains one or more rows Contains one or more rowsExtents Chunks that hold schema objects Chunks that hold schema objects Dynamically allocated in data files Dynamically allocated in data files

19. Data Structures Segments Made up of one or more extents Made up of one or more extents Extents are not necessarily contiguous within a segment Extents are not necessarily contiguous within a segment Blocks within an extent are contiguous Blocks within an extent are contiguousTablespaces Container for Schema Objects Container for Schema Objects Made up of one or more data files Made up of one or more data files Defined with a STORAGE clause Defined with a STORAGE clause Schema Objects Tables Tables Views Views Clusters Clusters Indexes Indexes Sequences Sequences

20. How does Oracle Work? Data is stored in two places On disk in the data files On disk in the data files In memory in the Oracle Memory (SGA) In memory in the Oracle Memory (SGA)ReadsWrites

21. Oracle Reads The user threads (server threads) try to get data from SGA first If it is not there The user thread itself reads it from disk and puts it into the SGA

22. Oracle Reads (Data in Cache) Memory (Buffer Cache) User Threads Data Files Data is read from cache.

23. Oracle Reads (Data not in Cache) Memory (Buffer Cache) User Threads Data Files Data is not in cache. User Thread reads it from disk into cache. It is then read from cache.

24. Oracle Writes User Threads Writes (changes) are made by the user Data is changed in the buffer cache Data is changed in the buffer cache The original data is put into the undo tablespace or rollback segment The original data is put into the undo tablespace or rollback segment User issues commit statement User issues commit statement Information is written to the log buffer Information is written to the log buffer A transaction is not committed until the log write has occurred A transaction is not committed until the log write has occurred User thread only writes/changes the SGA, not the data on disk

25. Oracle Writes Background Threads The LGWR (Log Writer Thread) takes log information and writes it to the redo log The DBWn (Database Writer Thread) writes the data changes to disk at a later time The DBWn thread is the only thread that writes out to the data files The DBWn thread is the only thread that writes out to the data files

26. Logical vs. Physical I/O Logical read (in memory) Logical write (in memory) Physical read (to disk) Physical write (to disk) Logical reads and writes are thousands of times faster than physical reads and writes The keys to Oracle performance are Performing read and write operations in memory, where possible Performing read and write operations in memory, where possible When physical reads and writes must be performed, optimizing I/O efficiency When physical reads and writes must be performed, optimizing I/O efficiency

27. Accessing Oracle Data in Applications When developing applications, there are several options for connecting to Oracle data: PL/SQL PL/SQL Java Java Pro*C/ProC++ Pro*C/ProC++ Pro*Cobol Pro*Cobol OCI and OCCI OCI and OCCI Oracle Data Provider for.Net (ODP.NET) Oracle Data Provider for.Net (ODP.NET) Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O) Oracle Objects for OLE (OO4O)

28. Oracle10g Released in 2004 Release ~ 1.7 GB with seed database Introduction of “Grid” concept Aggressive pricing for SMB

29. Oracle10g New Features Enhanced Real Application Clusters Oracle Streams Cross-platform transportable tablespaces Automatic Storage Management (ASM) Self-Managing Database New Backup and Recovery Features Full Flashback recovery Full Flashback recovery Oracle Grid

30. Oracle10g Flashback Recovery Separate Flashback Area created during database creation (optional) Contains flashback logs Contains flashback logs Contains a full RMAN backup to disk Contains a full RMAN backup to disk Should be sized at 1X – 3X database size, depending on log retention period Should be sized at 1X – 3X database size, depending on log retention period Can quickly restore to any point in time covered within the retention period Restore the entire database Restore the entire database Restore a single table Restore a single table Flashback query Query a table as it existed at a point in time, without restoring the table Query a table as it existed at a point in time, without restoring the table Backups can be completely automated

31. Oracle10g Grid Grid Concept Utility Computing Utility Computing A network of clients and service providers A network of clients and service providers Virtualization Virtualization Storage Grid ASM ASM Database Server Grid RAC RAC Application Server Grid Application level clustering Application level clustering

32. Administering Oracle and Monitoring Performance with Oracle 10g Grid Control Oracle Grid Control is the enhanced version of OEM that is installed with Oracle 10g Requires a central Management Repository and Agents on each database server Requires a central Management Repository and Agents on each database server Enhancements for managing and deploying RAC nodes and application grid nodes Enhancements for managing and deploying RAC nodes and application grid nodes Significant improvements in automatic performance monitoring and analysis Significant improvements in automatic performance monitoring and analysis Central interface for administering and monitoring Oracle 10g Perform all Administration tasks Perform all Administration tasks Contains a variety of Advisors for improving performance Contains a variety of Advisors for improving performance

33. Oracle10g RAC Enhanced Service architecture Workload integration Cache Fusion Integrated clusterware Cluster storage options Cluster File System Cluster File System Automated Storage Management Automated Storage Management

34. Oracle Real Application Cluster Users Database Server Shared Everything

35. Oracle10g RAC and Windows 2003 Server Oracle has supported the Windows platform since 1993 Fully optimized for Windows architecture 32-bit 32-bit 64-bit Itanium2 and x64 64-bit Itanium2 and x64 Leverages key Windows technologies Active Directory Active Directory Windows Security Windows Security Cluster support Cluster support.NET development platform.NET development platform Easy to install and administer A rapidly growing market segment for Oracle

36. Review When was Oracle founded? What thread or process reads Oracle data from disk? When an Oracle write is performed, which background thread is more likely to cause user waits? A. Database Writer (DBWn) A. Database Writer (DBWn) B. Log Writer (LGWR) B. Log Writer (LGWR) Name two keys to Oracle performance. What is the suggested minimum size of the Flashback Recovery Area relative to Oracle data storage? Name a new Oracle 10g feature.

37. Summary Data Access Methods Oracle10g New Features Oracle10g RAC Windows Specifics

38. © 2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.