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Published byHillary Lucas Modified over 9 years ago
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Skeletal System Bone Basics
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Basics Components Functions – Support – Storage – Blood cell production – Protection – Leverage
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Connective Tissue 4 types - Bone - Cartilage - Hyaline - Elastic - Fibrocartilage * function * location
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Classification of Bones Axial Appendicular
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Classification of Bones - Shape Long Short Flat Irregular
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Classification of Bones - Texture Compact Spongy
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Classification of Bone: Texture Compact Bone Surfaces except joints Heavy stress areas Osteons parallel to long axis – Bend with end force – Smaller force from side can cause breaks
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Classification of Bone: Texture Spongy Bone Inner part – Less dense – Stress from many directions Lighter weight Trabeculae Hematopoeitic tissue – red marrow vs. yellow marrow
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Microscopic Features Osteocytes – Lacunae – Canaliculi Osteon – Around central canal Osteoblasts Osteoclasts
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Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone Figure 6.6a, b
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Features of a long bone Epiphyses & Diaphysis Epiphyseal Line Compact & Spongy bone Medullary Cavity Endosteum Periosteum
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Outer layer Inner layer Perforating canals
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Bone Development
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Describe the structure and function of spongy bone Describe the structure and function of compact bone Describe 5 functions of bone
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Bone Remodeling 6 wks after fertilization – 25 yrs Calcium – 99% in skeleton – Role in nerve and muscle cells 18% of proteins and minerals removed and replaced a year – Remodeling – Not same rate for all bones – Important for calcium homeostasis
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Injury and Repair Fractures – Closed (simple) – Open – Transverse – Spiral – Comminuted
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As long as blood supply exists 4 months – year Step 1 – Bleeding – Clot (hematoma) forms – Kills osteocytes – Dead bone
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Step 2 Periosteum and endosteum cells divide Migrate to fracture Localized thickenings – Externally produces hyaline cartilage
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Step 3 Osteoblasts – Replace cartilage Spongy bone at internal callus Grows together Stabilizes fracture
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Step 4 Remodeling Dead and spongy compact Good as new – May be thicker
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Aging Bones thinner and weaker – Osteoblast activity declines – Osteoclast activity normal – More lost in epiphyses, vertebrae, jaws Fragile limbs, reduced height, loss of teeth
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Osteoporosis Reduces bone mass Bone formation – Effected by sex hormones – Decreases after menopause More common in older women Slowed, not prevented – Hormone replacement – Dietary changes – Exercise
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Articulations
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Classifications Structure or function Immovable – Fibrous or cartilaginous – Suture – Gomphosis – Synchondrosis Slightly movable – Fibrous or cartilaginous – Syndesmosis – Symphysis
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Freely movable Synovial Wide range of motion Bones not in contact Covered with articular cartilage – Arthritis Fibrous capsule Shock absorption – Menisci – Fat pads Ligaments and tendons Bursae
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Movement Gliding Angular motion – Flexion – Extension – Hyperextension
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Abduction Adduction Circumduction
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Rotation Pronation Supination
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Special movements Inversion Dorsiflexion Opposition Protraction Elevation
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Classification of Synovial Joints Gliding – Limited rotation – Clavicles, carpals, tarsals, vertebrae Hinge – Motion in a single plane – Elbow, knee, ankle, atlas
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Pivot – Rotation only – Atlas and axis, radius and ulna Ellipsoidal or condyloid – Oval articulation in a depression – Motion in two planes – Radius and carpals, phalanges and metacarpal or metatarsals
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Saddle – Opposing faces nest together – Angular motion, no rotation – Base of thumb Ball-and-socket – Round head in cup- shaped depression – Motion in most directions – Should and hip
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Intervertebral Articulations Gliding and symphyseal joints Slipped disc Condition of discs as we age
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Shoulder Ball-and-socket Most frequently dislocated Several bursae – Bursitis Rotator cuff
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Elbow Hinge joint Stronger articulation Extremely stable – Interlocking – Joint capsule – Reinfored with ligaments
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Hip Ball-and-socket Articulating surface – Fibrocartilage pad – Fat pad – Synovial membrane – Ligaments Joint capsule Fractures – Common in elderly – Dislocation
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Knee Hinge joint Fibrcartilage pads – Minisci Fat pads Burae Patella within ligament Surrounded by ligaments – ACL
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