1. BIOMECHANICAL COURSE ENT 214
Final exam 50%
Quizzes and assignments: 10%
Mid term: 10%
Lab : 30%

2. BASIC BIOMECHANICS
Define the terms biomechanics, static, dynamics, kinematics, and kinetics and explain the ways in which they are related.
Identify and describe the reference positions, planes, and axes associated with the human body.
Define and appropriately use directional terms and joint movement terminology.
Identify and describe the uses of available instrumentation for measuring kinematics quantities.

3. What is biomechanics? mechanics bio
Application of mechanical principles in the study of living organisms

4. Biomechanics/Mechanics
Statics : study of systems in constant motion, (including zero motion)
Dynamics : study of systems subject to acceleration

5. Biomechanics/mechanics
Kinematics: study of the appearance or description of motion
Kinetics: study of the actions of forces

6. An area of physics that consists of the study of motion and
the effect of forces on an object
Static
Mechanics
Dynamics
Kinetics
Kinematics
Movement with
constant velocity
Force acting on the
object at rest
and moving with
acceleration
object moving with
Mechanics -

7. KINESIOLOGY Biomechanics Kinematics Kinetics Linear Angular Force
Position
Velocity
Acceleration
Force
Torque
KINESIOLOGY

8. KINESIOLOGY Rising from chair
The scientific study of human movement.
Human movement
Identify discrete phases in an activity
Describe segmental movements in each phases
Identify major muscle contributors to each joint
movement
Rising from chair
Movements of hip extension
Knee extension
Plantarflexion

9. BIOMECHANICS Rising from chair
The applications of mechanics to human movement
Human movement
Describing motion characteristics of human movement
using parameters such as speed, direction, acceleration.
Study on how motion is created through application
of forces both insides and outside the body.
Rising from chair
Measure and identify joint forces acting at the hip,
knee, and ankle along with the force between the foot
and the floor (all of which act together to produce
the movement up out of the chair)

10. BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH
DrOS (Housh, Housh and Johnson )
Developmental biomechanics
Evaluate fundamental movement patterns in performing gross (crawling, walking – involve large muscle group) and fine motor skills (manipulating small objects, transferring object – involve small muscle group).

11. BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH
Occupational Biomechanics
Focuses on providing safe and efficient working environment, both indoors and outdoors.
Better Safety equipment – helmets, shin guards,footwear to protect from any work hazards.
Safe and ergonomic working tools to minimize overuse injuries of both upper and lower limbs
Designing of mass public transportation – airplanes,trains,boats and automobiles for safety and efficiency.
Close allied with the science of ergonomics

12. BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH
Rehabilitative Biomechanics
Observe movement patterns of individuals who are either injured or/and disabled, provide appropriate interventions which enable injured and disabled person to function as close to, if not normally.
Develop exercise equipment, supplementary aids such as walkers, orthotics and even substitution devices such as prostheses for rehabilitation purposes.

13. BIOMECHANICS RESEARCH
Exercise and Sport Biomechanics
Describe technique and movement patterns, quantify the contributions of joint actions to technique and in some cases, to predict and evaluate optimal conditions of performance
Integrate the use of exercise machines for improving strength, endurance, flexibility and speed.
Minimize sport related injuries and enhancing performance
Make improvements on equipment such that it is comfortable, easier to use, and provide a safe and effective resistance for improving training and performance.

14. Qualitative vs Quantitative Analysis
Qualitative: pertaining to quality (without the use of numbers)
Quantitative: involve numbers
Both are important for biomechanical analysis of human motion. Some rely on quantitative, some on qualitative analysis.

15. ASSIGNMENT
In a group of two, write a summary of two activities involving human motion analysis.
Identify the following items:
What are the problems that encourage the writers to do such research? (10 marks)
What are the parameters involve in such analysis? (5 marks)
What are the equipments and method used in conducting the experiments? (5 marks)
Brief explanation on the results (15marks)
What are the things to be considered in the future related to the experiment? (15 marks)

16. ASSIGNMENT 1
The assignment should be submitted within a month from the first lecturer.
Mark will be given according to explanation given (easy to understand, figures and other initiatives)
Please use MICROSOFT WORDS to write the assignment.
Any late report will have penalties on the marks.

17. Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
Chapter 2
Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
Identify and describe the reference positions, planes, and axes associated with the human body.
Define and appropriately use directional terms and joint movement terminology.
Identify and describe the uses of available instrumentation for measuring kinematics quantities.

18. What is anatomical reference position?
Erect standing position with all body parts facing forward.
Considered the starting point for all body segment movements

19. BODY SEGMENT NAMES APPENDICULAR The lower and upper extremity AXIAL
Away from trunk become smaller,
faster and their movement
is difficult to observe
AXIAL
Accounting
50% of body weight
Moves slower the other
parts of the body
Upper Extremity
Upperarm
Forearm
Hand
NECK
TRUNK
Head
Thigh
Leg
Foot
Lower Extremity

20. Directional Terms Superior: closer to the head.
Inferior: farther away from the head.
Medial: toward the midline of the body.
Lateral: away form the midline of the body.

21. Directional Terms Anterior: toward the front of the body
Posterior: toward the back of the body
Proximal: closer to the trunk
Distal: away from the trunk

22. Directional Terms Superficial: toward the surface of the body
Deep: inside the body away from the surface

23. Reference Planes
Sagittal plane - in which forward and backward movements occur
Frontal plane - in which lateral movements occur
Transverse plane - in which rotational movements occur

24. Reference Axes
Mediolateral axis - around which rotations in the sagittal plane occur
Anteroposterior axis - around which rotations in the sagittal plane occur
Longitudinal axis - around which rotational movements occur

25. FORM OF MOTION + = = along a straight line = along a curved line
Rectilinear Motion
= along a straight line
Linear
Motion
Curvelinear Motion
= along a curved line +
Angular
Motion
= rotation around an axis =
General Motion
= Combination of linear motion and angular motion

26. Forms of Motion Linear motion: motion along a line
Rectilinear motion: (along a straight line)
Curvilinear motion: (along a curved line)

27. GENERAL MOTION
General motion: a combination of linear and angular motion (includes most human motion)

28. THE MOVEMENTS DESCRIPTION
The six basic movement descriptors
Flexion, extension,
Abduction, adduction,
Rotation (medial and lateral).
Specialized movement descriptors
Head and trunk only
Lateral flexion
Shoulder girdle movement
Elevation, depression
Protraction and retraction (adduction and abduction in scapula)
Upward and downward rotation

29. THE MOVEMENTS DESCRIPTION
Specialized movement descriptors
Arm and thigh
Horizontal abduction and adduction
Forearm
Pronation and supination
Wrist joint
Radial and ulnar flexion
Foot
Plantar and dorsiflexion
Inversion and eversion

30. MOVEMENTS IN THE SAGITTAL PLANE
Flexion
Anteriorly directed sagittal plane rotations of the head, trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand and thigh.
Posteriorly directed sagittal plane rotation of the lower leg.
Bending movement in which the relative angle of the joint between 2 adjacent segements decreases.
Extension
Return the body to the anatomical position.
Straightening movement in which the relative angle of the joint between 2 adjacent segments increases as the joint return to the reference position.
Hyperextension

31. MOVEMENTS IN THE SAGITTAL PLANE
Hyperflexion (Hyperextension) – movement that goes beyond the normal range of flexion (extension - movement that goes beyond the anatomical reference position and opposite of flexion)

32. SAGGITAL PLANE MOVEMENT
Dorsiflexion: bringing the top of the foot toward the Tibia, angle between the leg and foot decrease.
Plantarflexion: opposite motion of Dorsiflexion, bottom of the foot moves down and the angle between the leg and foot increase.
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion

33. Movements in the frontal plane
Abduction & adduction – move a body segment away from and closer to the midline of the body, respectively.
Abduction
Adduction

34. Elevation & depression
Lateral flexion
Lateral flexion
Bending to one side. The term lateral flexion is used to describe motions of the trunk and neck.
Elevation & depression
Movement of shoulder girdle in the superior and inferior direction
Elevation
Depression

35. Inward and outward rotation of the sole of the foot, respectively.
What is wrist radial and ulnar deviation?
Radial and ulnar deviation is the side-to-side movement of the hand at the wrist, toward or away from the thumb. Radial deviation causes up to a 20% reduction in hand strength with just 25 ° of motion from a neutral position. At 40% Ulnar deviation a similar drop in available strength is observed (see illustration).
                                 
Inversion & eversion
Inward and outward rotation of the sole of the foot, respectively.
Eversion
Inversion
Radial & ulnar deviation
Side-to-side movement of the hand at the wrist, toward and away from the thumb, respectively.

36. Movements in the transverse plane
Left & right rotation (head, neck, trunk)
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Medial (internal) & lateral (external) rotation – toward midline and away from midline, respectively.

37. Rotation of the forearm, outwards and inwards.
Supination – Outwards or upwards.
Frontal Plane
Rotation of a body part, usually the hand and forearm so that the palm is down.
Transverse Plane
Rotation of the forearm, outwards and inwards.
In the foot (subtalar joint), it is a combination of motions resulting in a position such that the foot is abducted and everted.
Pronation – Inwards or downwards.
Oppose the supination
Pronation
Supination

38. **Horizontal abduction & adduction
Horizontal adduction
Horizontal abduction
Adduction - from lateral to anterior position (also called horizontal flexion)
Abduction – from anterior to lateral position (also called horizontal extension)

39. Spatial Reference Systems
Useful for standardizing descriptions
of human motion.
Most commonly used is the Cartesian
coordinate system.
Human body joint centers are labeled
with numerical x and y coordinates.

40. Spatial Reference Systems
(0,0) X Y
(x,y) = (3,7)
Cartesian coordinates of the hip

41. Spatial Reference Systemsx y
(0,0)
x = +
y = +
x = -
y = -
Coordinates can be both positive and negative.

42. TOOLS FOR MEASURING KINEMATIC QUANTITIES
Objective: To determine the coordinates of the marked points as a function of time
Direct Measurement Techniques
Goniometers
Special Joint Angle Measuring Systems
Accelerometers
Indirect Measurement (Imaging) Techniques
Cinematography
Television
Optoelectric technique
Others indirect measurement

43. TOOL FOR KINEMATICS MEASUREMENT OPTICAL SYSTEM
Cinematography (movie cameras)
Type of film use depend on lighting available,
Television
The major difference between Cinematography and Television is the frame rate (The number of images that are shown or sent each second) , where the Television has a fixed frame rate (50 or 60 Hz).
Television has high enough field rate for most movement, but too low for quantitative analysis of rapid athletic movement.
Standard video camera – reflective marker produces a trailing edge and blurs image when there is a rapid movement.
CCD cameras – eliminates both blurring and skewing
Infrared cameras – reflected infrared lights from the markers is the only lights picked up by the camera.

44. Optoelectric Techniques - optical
Subject wear tiny infrared lights on each desired anatomical landmarks. The lights were flashed sequentially, and detected on a special camera.
Non Optical techniques
Magnetic System – Sensors are linked by cables to a computer.
Electromagnetic System – the subjects wear a body suit.
Acoustic Systems –Sonar uses reflected sound waves.

45. Advantages and Disadvantages of Optical Systems
Most systems are not limited to the numbers of markers used.
Encumbrance to movement is minimal (lightweigth reflective markers).
Inexpensive (VCR and TV cameras).
TV and Cine can be replayed for teaching purposes or for qualitative analysis of the total body movement.
Disadvantages
Most multiple cameras are expensive.
Some imaging system cannot be used outdoor.

46. TUTORIAL FOR NEXT WEEK
In a group of 5, write a five minute presentation on the motion capture system. The presentation will be done during the tutorial session.
The purpose of the presentation is to identify and describe the type of kinematics measuring equipment that are currently available.
Includes:
Classification (imaging – Cinematography, Television, Optoelectric technique; Other techniques - Magnetic, electromagnetic, acoustic or any other technique).
Advantage and disadvantages of the system (cost, limitation in place, and other factors to be considered)