1. Chapter 5 Carbohydrates

2.  Class of nutrients that is a major source of energy foe the body  Monosaccharides: simple sugar that is the basic molecule of carbohydrates  Glucose, fructose, galactose  -ose  Glucose: primary fuel for muscles and other cells  Most important monosaccharide in the body  Fructose: in fruits, fruit sugar and levulose  Naturally found in fruits, honey and some vegetables  Body has little need for fructose, most converted to glucose or fat  Galactose: component of lactose  Not commonly found in foods

3.  Disaccharides: simple sugar comprised of two monosaccharide's.  Maltose: comprised of 2 glucose molecules, malt sugar  Few foods naturally contain maltose  Sucrose: comprised of 1 glucose and 1 fructose molecule  Sugar cane and sugar beets  “junk food”  Lactose: comprised of 1 glucose and 1 galactose molecule

4. Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweeteners  Nutritive sweetener: sweetener that contributes energy to foods  Added sugars: sugars and syrups added to foods during processing or preparation  Alternative sweeteners: substance that sweeten foods while providing few or no kilocalories  Nonnutritive sweeteners: group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweet tasting compared to sugars

5. Complex Carbohydrates (polysaccharides)  Comprised of 10 or more monosaccharides bonded together  Starch: storage polysaccharide in plants  Glycogen: storage of polysaccharide in animals  Fiber: indigestible plant material, most are polysaccharides  Soluble  Insoluble

6. What happens to carbohydrates in your body?  1. Mouth: starch broken down to maltose by salivary amylase  2. Stomach: salivary amylase soon stops in the acidic environment of the stomach  3. Small intestine: Amylase secreted by the pancreas breaks down starch to maltose. Maltase digest maltose into glucose and fructose. Lacatase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose  4. Liver: Glucose, fructose and galactose are absorbed by intestinal cells and transported to the liver by the portal vein  5. Large intestine: some soluble fiber is ferment3ed by bacteria in the large intestine  Rectum: Very little dietary carbohydrate is excreted in feces.

7. Maintaining blood glucose levels  Glucose is an important cellular fuel  Pancreas  Beta cells and alpha cells  Insulin  Glucagon  70-100 mg/dL of blood Glucose for energy  Brain and nervous system burn glucose  Ketones: chemicals that result from incomplete fat breakdown  Ketosis  RDA 130 g/day

8. Carbohydrate consumption patters  Developing nations: 70% unprocessed carbs, especially complex carbs  Industrial nations: eat more refined sugars and added sugars. Carbs supply 50% of energy for Americans.  Should be 45-65% Reducing your refined carbs intake  Avoid vending machines  Avoid fast food  Cut up fruit

9. Are carbs fatting?  Atkins, low glycemic index, zone  Energy intake matches your energy output  Refined carbs curb hunger less then protein and fat  Fiber rich foods more filling  Percentages of overweight people has risen in the past 35 yrs.  Children and obesity  Liquid candy

10. Diabetes  Group of serious chronic characterized by abnormal glucose, fat and protein metabolism.  Type 1  5-10%  Usually diagnosed as a child, but can be any age  Autoimmune disease  Body does not recognize own beta cells, immune system attach and destroy them  Type 2  Adult on set  Beta cells produce insulin but not as well  Genetics, obesity, lack of exercise

11.  Hyperglycemia: abnormally high blood glucose level  Primary sign of diabetes  Fasting blood test, 12 hours  Normal is 70-100 mg/dl  Pre-diabetes: 100-125  >125, person has diabetes  Beta cells don’t produce insulin  Other signs: excessive thirst, frequent urination, blurred vision, poor wound healing, yeast infections, impotence  Other signs, type 1 only: increased appetite with weight loss, fatigue easily, breath smells like fruit, confusion Diabetes cont…

12.  Complications: kidney failure, organ failure, damages nerves, blood vessels.  200,000 Americans die from the complications annually, 6 th leading cause of death  Diabetes increasing at alarming rate:  1980: 5.6 million  1985: 6.2  1990: 6.6  1995: 8.0  2000: 12.0  2005: 15.8 Diabetes cont…

13. Controlling diabetes  Testing, monitor, shots, eating right  Doctor appointment  A1c: blood test to determine how well someone is controlling their diabetes

14. Glycemic index  Glycemic index and load: standards that indicate that body’s insulin response to a carbohydrate containing food  Different carbs undergo a different rate and digestion and absorption  GI <70 may promote satiety (feeling that enough food has been eaten to delay the next eating episode and or reduce subsequent food intake).

15. Hypoglycemia  Condition that occurs when the blood glucose level is abnormally low.  <70 mg/dl blood test after 12 hour fast  Declining blood sugar levels, your body produces epinephrine  Symptoms: head ache, irritable, restless, shaky, sweaty, loss of consciousness, dizzy.

16. Metabolic Syndrome  Condition that increases risk of type 2 diabetes  People with this condition:  2x risk of heart disease and CDV  Genetic factors  Excess abdominal fat  Insulin resistant  Poor diet  Smokes  No physical activity  Large waist circumference  Hypertension  High elevated fasting blood fats  High fasting blood glucose  Low fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol  People can reduce their risk of Metabolic and CVD:  Exercise 3x a week  Eat more fruits and veggies  Lose weight  Reduce intake of saturated fat, cholesterol and simple sugars

17. What has sugar done for you?  Hyperactivity in children? FALSE  Promote ADHD? False

18. Lactose intolerance  Inability to digest lactose properly  30-50 million Americans suffer from it  Does not produce enough lactase  Not same as milk allergy, 5% of population  Disaccharide is not completely digested and absorbed by the time it enters the large intestine  Symptoms  Within a couple of hours  Cramps  Bloating  Gas  diarrhea  Usually able to eat yogurt, hard cheese  Milk pretreated with lactase, pills also available

19. What fiber can do and not do for you  Is not a nutrient because your body can live with out it  Reduce your risk of obesity, diabetes, intestinal track disorders, CDV  Reduce constipation, diverticulitis, hemorrhoids  Increase regularity  Does not effect chances of getting colon cancer  Diets rich in soluble fiber can reduce risk of CVD, by reducing cholesterol  Helps you feel full  AI: 38-25g/day