1. Diversity of Approaches Controlling Invasive Species Controlling invasives is not simply :”Spray and Pray” Examples of the range of approaches for control of invasives:Examples of the range of approaches for control of invasives: –Taking advantage of physiological vulnerability- Amur Honeysuckle –Timed mowing or physical removal- Garlic Mustard –Restoring stressed ecosystems- Reed Canarygrass –Aerial photography to locate populations- distinctive color, texture –Pretreatment to increase vulnerability to herbicides- Reed Canarygrass –Identify factors that lead to invasiveness- Callery Pear –Selective herbicide to release native species- Tall Fescue –Use of herbivorous insects- Purple Loosestrife 1

2. 1975 1986 1992

3. Phenology of root carbohydrate cycling wood formation starch accumulation buildup of black spring sugar supply Wargo 1979 Can J For Res 9: 49-56 –Starch forms during the seasons of active photo- synthesis Seasonal Metabolism 18 –Starch Breaks down in spring in support of bud break

4. Phenology of shoot carbohydrate cycling in Salix sp Sauter and Wellenkamp 1998 Holzforschung 52: 255-262 Seasonal Metabolism 1. See previous slide 2. 4.3. xylem sapdormant storagegrow stems, budsdorm metabdormant metabolism 17

5. Taking Advantage of Physiological Vulnerability- Amur Honeysuckle –Apply Roundup in late fall so it is translocated in dormant wood. –Glyphosate kills the cells that store starch and sugar for spring leaf-out –No leaves form in spring and the honeysuckle dies. 5 SeasonStage of Growth early spring mobilization of stored organic nutrients into growth of new shoots late spring / early summer leaf and bud growth slows as shoot reaches maturity; winter buds late summer / early fall formation of stem carbon stores late fall reclaiming of organic nutrients from leaves - storage in dormant wood

7. Restoring Ecosystems- Bush Honeysuckle Management programs are an integral to invasive control. Understory is managed to encourage forest floor re-vegetation. Shrubs are planted to replace honeysuckle, especially at woodland edges 7

8. Managed Unmanaged March April June

9. Restoring Stressed Ecosystems- Reed Canarygrass Reed canarygrass is more salt tolerant than the native Carex stricta, tussock sedge. (Prasser and Zedler 2010) Road salts could contribute to the observed replacement of the tussock sedge by the invasive reed canary grass. Management programs that do not address the runoff will not succeed in the long term. Understory is managed to encourage forest floor re-vegetation. Shrubs are planted to replace honeysuckle, especially at woodland edges 9

10. Increase Vulnerability to Herbicde- Reed Canarygrass –See journal article: Annan CA 2010 Prospects for disrupting rhizome apical dominance prior to chemical treatment of Phalaris arundinacea. Ecological Restoration 28:291-298 10

11. Timed Mowing or Physical Removal- Garlic Mustard Control is initiated when the plants are nearly finished flowering. Flower heads are removed with a string weed cutter or a weed saw. Bolting second year garlic mustard plants are trimmed when the last flowers at the tip are maturing, generally in early May. Since the living cells and sap present in the thick stalks can supply nutrients that enable seeds to mature even after the plant has been cut down, the top of the stalk with seed heads is first cut off several inches below the tip with the weed saw and then cut again just below the lowest flowers. A final cut at the base of the plant takes the plant to the ground. 11

13. Identify Factors that Lead to Invasiveness- Callery Pear The cultivars are self sterile. When introduction of many new cultivars to replace Bradford pear which is prone to splitting in snowfalls enables all the cultivars to bear fruit and seeds. The trees now spread prolifically by seed. Fruits are distributed by starlings causing widespread distribution of seedlings in old fields, prairies, wetlands and along roads and woodland edges Areas in our parks, roadsides and countysides are being invaded by young callery pear trees. The impressive site of these springtime flowering trees has led to extensive use for ornamental plantings 13

15. Selective Herbicide to Release Native Species- Tall Fescue Selective Herbicide to Release Native Species- Tall Fescue –See journal article: Annan CA 2010 Prospects for disrupting rhizome apical dominance prior to chemical treatment of Phalaris arundinacea. Ecological Restoration 28:291-298 Treating areas of tall fescue with a selective grass herbicide releases native species to grow up and replace the forage grass. 15