1. FFF and Maps CHY 4U Unit 1

2. TO Map Wikipedia, TO Map, 2007, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TO_map.gif (August 31, 2012).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TO_map.gif

3. TO Map University of Texas at Arlington Library, N.d., http://libraries.uta.edu/SpecColl/Exhibits/weuromaps/tms1-T-O-map.jpg (August 31, 2012).http://libraries.uta.edu/SpecColl/Exhibits/weuromaps/tms1-T-O-map.jpg

4. Mappae Mundi “This, after all, was the great Age of Faith, and the mapmakers – most of them were churchmen or had been instructed by Church scholars – accepted what the Bible told them as the literal truth. They believed that their task was not simply to record or measure. Rather, it was to fit the world and what they thought they knew of it into the prevailing philosophical and religious viewpoints of the time.” = context Jeremy Harwood, To the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Changed the World (London: Marshall Editions, 2006), 31-32.

5. Exploration See map on page 54 of textbook. Next two lessons are the CONTEXT for these voyages of exploration. History of geography

6. Background for the Background Humanism Background Highly interested in systematizing the way to study the earth via the rediscovery of Ptolemy Kings and merchants want this knowledge to expand their empires and wealth Economic Background Rise of the “middle class” – not poor, not noble Engaged in business, trade, professions  No lord/vassal relationship like in medieval feudalism  Thus land is not the basis of wealth

7. Economic, con’t Emergence of capitalism Economic system in which wealth is in the form of money rather than land Money (capital) is invested in order to earn more money (profit)  E.g., in voyages of exploration that will earn more than they cost

8. Fate (geo and tech) Background Why were western European countries so well placed for exploration? China on the Pacific (larger) China had explored Africa, India, Indonesia but stopped in the Ming dynasty (1400s) May have “discovered” the new world?

9. TO Maps T- 0 map (circle = 0 = ocean, T divides 3 zones – Asia, Europe, Africa) – lines are bodies of water that divide the continents (Mediterranean, Nile, Don). Called mappaemundi (map of the world) As Christianity spread through the Roman Empire, maps became adorned with symbols of Christian power (kings on thrones, T= the cross, 3 parts = holy trinity) Earthly paradise = east Jerusalem centre of earth (navel) Since they’re illustrated, they show what Europeans thought people in the zones looked like: Monstrous races in unknown places (are they human?) Fear of Apocalypse (Gog and Magog – marching to Europe as barbarians and ending civilization)

10. Carte Pisane (portolan or maritime chart) 1290 Barnard College, History of American Maritime http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/maritime/atlas/photocd/Img0033.jpg (July 23, 2012).http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/maritime/atlas/photocd/Img0033.jpg

11. Ptolemy’s World Map British Library. Learning: Mapping Minds. Ptolemy’s World Map, 1482. N.d. http://www.bl.uk/learning/artimages/maphist/minds/ptolemysmap/ptolemy.html (July 23, 2012). http://www.bl.uk/learning/artimages/maphist/minds/ptolemysmap/ptolemy.html 1482

12. Waldseemuller Map Library of Congress. The Map that Named America. Sept. 2003. http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0309/maps.html (July 23, 2012).http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0309/maps.html First map showing North and South America 1507

13. Islamic Map Late 17 th century Library of Congress, The Heavens and the Earth. Medieval Islamic Map of the World. N.d., http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/EarlyAmericas/Interactives/HeavensAndEarth/html/earth/artifact8-earth.html (July 23, 2012). http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/EarlyAmericas/Interactives/HeavensAndEarth/html/earth/artifact8-earth.html

14. Syrian Astrolabe 1230 Emily Winterburn, Astronomical Instruments Through Time, BBC History, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/astronomical_instruments_01.shtml (July 23, 2012). http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/cultures/astronomical_instruments_01.shtml

15. Henricus Martellus World Map c. 1490

16. Martellus Map: Context for Columbus “It's said that Columbus used this map or one like it to persuade Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile to support him in the early 1490s. The map was made by a German cartographer living in Florence and reflects the latest theories about the form of the world and the most accurate ways of portraying it on a flat surface. It seemed to prove that, as Columbus argued, there wasn't a great distance between Europe and China by sea. The map is also the first to record the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa by the Portuguese in 1488. This proved that there wasn't a land link to Asia in the south - and that Europeans could reach the riches of the East Indies by sea without having to go through Muslim-held lands.” Peter Barber, Ten of the Greatest: Maps that Changed the World, Mail Online, May 8, 2010, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1272921/Ten-greatest-maps-changed-world.html (July 23, 2012). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/moslive/article-1272921/Ten-greatest-maps-changed-world.html

17. Timeline of Mapping Developments 206 BCE – 220 CE: Han dynasty mapping of China; oldest known compass is attributed to this period 90 -168 CE: life of Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus, Greek geographer and astronomer who came up with the idea of using coordinates to locate places via longitude and latitude) 9 th Century: Ptolemy’s Geography translated into Arabic 780-850: life of Al-Khwarizmi, Islamic mathematician who also made maps identifying cities in Asia and Africa 1270: marine (portolan) chart 1321: mappaemundi + marine chart

19. Focus on Forces (that start with F)

20. Causes and Consequences – Sophisticated Vocabulary Made more likely Set stage for Enabled Motivated Made possible Laid groundwork for Set up Triggered / catalyzed Inspired Conspired Resulted in Culminated in Provoked Prompted Encouraged Pushed Pulled

21. Intended * Decided * Expected * Foresaw * Predicted * Catalyzed * Incited * Kindled * Triggered *Sparked * Lead to * Contributed to * Made possible *Resulted in * Encouraged * Blocked * Prevented * Made worse * Accelerated * Exacerbated * Strengthened * Reinforced * Weakened * Blocked

22. Worksheet

23. For Fun http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/anima tions/map_making/index_embed.shtml http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/anima tions/map_making/index_embed.shtml BBC History: Animated History of European Mapmaking