1. Demonstration and Research Pest Control: Part I F.M. Fishel UF/IFAS Pesticide Information Office Department of Agronomy

2. 1-800-226-1764orhttp://IFASbooks.ufl.edu

3. Learning Objectives You will better understand: –Pesticide development –Methods of pest control –Pesticide-organism interactions –Pesticide interactions –Equipment calibration

4. Pesticide Development

8. Methods of Pest Control Components of scientific approach to pest control: –Understanding overall objectives of pest management –A step-by-step program that can be followed in dealing with a pest problem –Appraisal of the limitations and potentials of individual available technologies

9. Methods of Pest Control (Problem Diagnosis) Pest identification Pest abundance New pests J.L. Capinera, UF/IFAS F.M. Fishel, UF/IFAS G. McAvoy, UF/IFAS

10. Methods of Pest Control (Problem Diagnosis) Soil –Texture –Conditions –Colloidal components –pH T.A. Obreza and M.E. Collins, UF/IFAS

11. Methods of Pest Control (Problem Diagnosis) Environmental factors –Soil erosion potential –Nontarget species –Nontarget sites Diaz, Lang, Daroub, and Chen, UF/IFAS F.M. Fishel, UF/IFAS

12. Methods of Pest Control (Problem Diagnosis) Crop Management Systems –Tillage and other practices –Minimum tillage systems –Cropping sequences F.M. Fishel, UF/IFAS

13. Methods of Pest Control (Problem Diagnosis) Past Pest Control Programs and Results G. McAvoy, UF/IFAS

14. Methods of Pest Control (Method Evaluation) Evaluate for: –Effectiveness –Consistency –Fits within individual program –Flexibility G. McAvoy, UF/IFAS

15. Methods of Pest Control (Program Selection) Program Considerations: –Economics –Management system Equipment Custom services Time Operational capability Crop and management system –Follow-up F.M. Fishel, UF/IFAS

16. Pesticide-Organism Interactions UF/IFAS Pesticide Information Office

17. Pesticide-Organism Interactions (Selectivity) Unknown photo source

18. Pesticide-Organism Interactions (Resistance) > 500 arthropod species > 200 species of fungi > 200 species of weeds Some nematodes and rodents

19. Pesticide-Organism Interactions (Penetration) Animals Respiratory, digestive system > skin Permeability Plants Succulent growth > hardened growth Permeability

20. Pesticide-Organism Interactions (Transport) Systemic herbicide activity. F.M. Fishel, UF/IFAS Univ. of MO Contact herbicide activity.

21. Pesticide-Organism Interactions (Mode of Action)

22. Pesticide-Organism Interactions (Metabolism)

23. Pesticide-Organism Interactions (Accumulation, Elimination, Detoxification) F.M. Fishel, UF/IFAS

24. Pesticide-Organism Interactions (Biodegradation) Soil organic matter Soil pH Soil texture Ultraviolet light Soil microorganisms Soil moisture Temperature Humidity UF/IFAS Pesticide Information Office F.M. Fishel, UF/IFAS

25. Pesticide-Organism Interactions (Biological Magnification)

26. Pesticide Interactions Most pesticides are applied in mixtures –Synergism vs antagonism Timmer, Graham, and Chamberlain, UF/IFAS

27. Pesticide Interactions Adjuvants Antidotes

28. Pesticide Interactions Phytotoxicity Univ. of MO

29. Pesticide Interactions Alkaline hydrolysis

30. Equipment Calibration Usually involves small, hand-held equipment A premium is placed on proper calibration Univ. of MO

31. Calibration Steps 1.Select spray tips 2.Select ground speed 3.Determine spray delivery Spraying Systems Company

32. Determining GPM {(gpa) x (speed in mph) x (treated width)} 5,940 = gpm

33. Determining GPM Wish to apply 30 gpa Use a 4-nozzle boom with 20-inch nozzle spacing Will walk at 3 mph How many mls should be collected in 30 sec? {(gpa) x (speed in mph) x (treated width)} 5,940 = gpm

34. Determining GPM {(30) x (3) x (20)} 5,940 = 0.3 gpm 0.3 x 3,785 ml per gal = 1,136 ml per min Or 568 ml per 30 sec

35. Demonstration and Research Pest Control: Part II F.M. Fishel UF/IFAS Pesticide Information Office Department of Agronomy

36. Learning Objectives You will better understand: –Material Safety Data Sheets –Recordkeeping –Experimental-use permits –Field experiments and demonstrations –Experimental design

37. Understanding the MSDS 1989: expansion of OSHA to cover all employees who could be exposed to hazardous chemicals at workplaces1989: expansion of OSHA to cover all employees who could be exposed to hazardous chemicals at workplaces

38. Understanding the MSDS

40. Product and company identification Composition of ingredients Hazards identification First aid measures Fire fighting measures Accidental release measures Handling and storage Exposure controls/personal protection

41. Understanding the MSDS Physical and chemical properties Stability and reactivity Toxicological information Ecological information Disposal considerations Transportation information Regulatory information Miscellaneous information

42. Required RUP Recordkeeping License number Name Date, start and end times Location of site Crop, commodity or type of site treated Size of treated site Brand name and EPA reg. number Total amount of product applied Application method Name of person requesting or authorizing

43. Useful Recordkeeping Elements Crop variety Crop history Percent active ingredient and formulation Manufacturer Purchase date Calibration information Environmental conditions Total cost of application Treatment time of animals and average weight Application results

44. Suggested Form

45. Recordkeeping

46. Recordkeeping

47. Experimental-Use Permits Unregistered pesticides Unregistered use of registered pesticides Pesticides or uses evaluated under an EUP Virginia Tech University

48. Experimental-Use Permits Not required: –Laboratory or greenhouse tests –Research neither intends nor confers pest control benefit Land use: <10 acres

49. Experimental-Use Permits Not required: –Aquatic use: <1 acre

50. Experimental-Use Permits

52. Field Experiments and Demonstrations Demonstrations: seek to communicate and convince Research: seeks to answer a question J.J. Marois, UF/IFAS

53. Demonstration Types Method: show how to do something Result: show by example the practical application of an established fact

54. Research Steps Formulating a hypothesis Designing to test the hypothesis Collect and interpret data Accepting, rejecting, or altering the original hypothesis

55. Research Considerations What are the objectives? What is the design? What variables exist? How many replications are needed? What is the sampling procedure? How will the results be used?

56. Research Considerations

57. On-Farm Research

60. Experimental Design Replication: estimates experimental error Randomization: ensures a valid estimate of experimental error and treatments

61. Experimental Design Control (check) plots: plots to which the treatment is not given

62. Experimental Design

63. Experimental Design (Completely Randomized)

64. Experimental Design (Randomized Complete Block)

65. Experimental Design (Split-Plot)

66. Experimental Design (Split-Block)

67. Experimental Design (Latin Square)

68. Experimental Design (Factorial)

69. Photo/Diagram Credits University of Florida/IFAS University of Missouri Virginia Tech University Crop Data Management System Spraying Systems Company Fred Fishel, Ph.D. Department of Agronomy University of Florida/IFAS Copyright 2008 University of Florida Mention of trade names in this presentation is solely for providing specific information. It is not a guarantee or warranty of the products named, and does not signify that they are approved to the exclusion of others of suitable composition. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer’s label.