1. Risk and Return CHAPTER 5

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES  Discuss the concepts of portfolio risk and return  Determine the relationship between risk and return of portfolios  Highlight the difference between systematic and unsystematic risks  Examine the logic of portfolio theory  Show the use of capital asset pricing model (CAPM) in the valuation of securities  Explain the features and modus operandi of the arbitrage pricing theory (APT) 2

3. INTRODUCTION  A portfolio is a bundle or a combination of individual assets or securities.  Portfolio theory provides a normative approach to investors to make decisions to invest their wealth in assets or securities under risk  Extend the portfolio theory to derive a framework for valuing risky assets. This framework is referred to as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). An alternative model for the valuation of risky assets is the arbitrage pricing theory (APT).  The return of a portfolio is equal to the weighted average of the returns of individual assets (or securities) 3

4. PORTFOLIO RETURN: TWO-ASSET CASE  The return of a portfolio is equal to the weighted average of the returns of individual assets (or securities) in the portfolio with weights being equal to the proportion of investment value in each asset.  We can use the following equation to calculate the expected rate of return of individual asset: 4

5. Expected Rate of Return: Example  Suppose you have an opportunity of investing your wealth either in asset X or asset Y. The possible outcomes of two assets in different states of economy are as follows: 5

6. PORTFOLIO RISK: TWO-ASSET CASE 6  Risk of individual assets is measured by their variance or standard deviation.  We can use variance or standard deviation to measure the risk of the portfolio of assets as well.  The risk of portfolio would be less than the risk of individual securities, and that the risk of a security should be judged by its contribution to the portfolio risk.

7. Measuring Portfolio Risk for Two Assets 7  The portfolio variance or standard deviation depends on the co-movement of returns on two assets.  Covariance of returns on two assets measures their co- movement.  Three steps are involved in the calculation of covariance between two assets: Determining the expected returns on assets. Determining the deviation of possible returns from the expected return for each asset. Determining the sum of the product of each deviation of returns of two assets and respective probability.

8. 8

9. Example 9 Securities X and Y are negatively correlated. The correlation coefficient of – 0.746 indicates a high negative relationship.

10. 10 Measuring Portfolio Risk for Two Assets

11. Correlation 11

12. 12  The value of correlation, called the correlation coefficient, could be positive, negative or zero.  It depends on the sign of covariance since standard deviations are always positive numbers.  The correlation coefficient always ranges between –1.0 and +1.0.  A correlation coefficient of +1.0 implies a perfectly positive correlation while a correlation coefficient of –1.0 indicates a perfectly negative correlation. Correlation

13. Variance and Standard Deviation of a Two-Asset Portfolio 13

14. Covariance Calculation Matrix 14

15. Minimum Variance Portfolio 15

16. Portfolio Risk Depends on Correlation between Assets 16  Investing wealth in more than one security reduces portfolio risk.  This is attributed to diversification effect.  However, the extent of the benefits of portfolio diversification depends on the correlation between returns on securities.  When correlation coefficient of the returns on individual securities is perfectly positive then there is no advantage of diversification. The weighted standard deviation of returns on individual securities is equal to the standard deviation of the portfolio.  Diversification always reduces risk provided the correlation coefficient is less than 1.

17. PORTFOLIO RISK-RETURN ANALYSIS: TWO-ASSET CASE 17

18. Perfect Positive Correlation 18

19. 19 There is no advantage of diversification when the returns of securities have perfect positive correlation.

20. Perfect Negative Correlation 20  In this the portfolio return increases and the portfolio risk declines.  It results in risk-less portfolio.  The correlation is -1.0.

21. 21

22. Zero-variance portfolio 22

23. Zero Correlation 23

24. 24

25. Positive Correlation 25  In reality, returns of most assets have positive but less than 1.0 correlation.

26. Limits to diversification 26 Since any probable correlation of securities Logrow and Rapidex will range between – 1.0 and + 1.0, the triangle in the above figure specifies the limits to diversification. The risk-return curves for any correlations within the limits of – 1.0 and + 1.0, will fall within the triangle ABC.

27. Minimum variance portfolio 27  When correlation is positive or negative, the minimum variance portfolio is given by the following formula:

28. EFFICIENT PORTFOLIO AND MEAN-VARIANCE CRITERION 28

29. Investment Opportunity Set: Two-Asset Case 29  The investment or portfolio opportunity set represents all possible combinations of risk and return resulting from portfolios formed by varying proportions of individual securities.  It presents the investor with the risk-return trade- off.

30. 30 Portfolio Return and Risk for Different Correlation Coefficients

31. Investment opportunity sets given different correlations 31