1. New Movements in America
Chapter 14
New Movements in America

2. Essential Questions
What goals did American social reformers have during the early 1800s?

3. I. Immigrants and Urban Challenges
Between – 4 million European immigrants
Irish Potato Famine
1841 – potato blight (fungus) kills Irish potatoes
Irish go to U.S. to escape starvation
German Revolution
1848 – revolution against harsh rule fails
Germans go to U.S. to escape political persecution
Settled in Midwest on farms and rural areas

4. Anti-Immigration Movements
Native-born Americans feared losing jobs to immigrants willing to work for less
Nativists: Americans opposed to immigration
1849 – Know-Nothing Party:

5. Rapid Growth of Cities Cities grow because of jobs and transportation
Middle Class:
Entertainment
Libraries
Theater and concerts
Playing cards
Bowling, boxing, baseball
New York Knickerbockers
1862

6. Urban Problems
City residents lived near workplaces – many lived in tenements: poorly designed apartment buildings that housed large numbers of people
Dangers:

7. II. American Arts
Transcendentalism: belief that people could transcend, or rise above, material things in life (simplicity and individualism)
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller
Utopian Communities:

8. American Romanticism Artists: Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet Letter
Herman Melville – Moby Dick
Edgar Allan Poe – “The Raven”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – “Paul Revere’s Ride”
Walt Whitman – Leaves of Grass
Washington Irving – Legend of Sleepy Hollow
Emily Dickinson – well known female poet – “I’m Nobody”

9. III. Reforming Society
Second Great Awakening: s – Christian renewal movement – led to movements to fix social problems
Temperance Movement:

10. African American Communities
African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church
1835 – Oberlin College becomes first to accept African Americans
Some opportunity to attend schools in North and Midwest – very limited in South –
illegal for slaves to learn to read and write
slaveholders feared revolt

11. Prison Reform
Dorthea Dix:
Others built reform schools for children

12. Improvements in Education
Common School Movement:
Schools and colleges for women opened
Thomas Gallaudet: founded first free school for the hearing impaired in 1817

13. IV. The Movement to End Slavery
Abolition: complete end to slavery
Quakers were among the first abolitionists
Abolitionists differed though on treatment of African Americans
Colonization:

14. Famous Abolitionists
William Lloyd Garrison: published The Liberator – founded the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833
Sarah and Angelina Grimke:

15. Famous Abolitionist
Frederick Douglass: escaped slave who learned to read and write – published The North Star
Sojourner Truth:

16. The Underground Railroad
Network of people who arranged transportation and hiding places for fugitive or escaped slaves
Harriet Tubman:

17. Opposition to Ending Slavery
Northern workers feared freed slaves would take their jobs
Southerners saw it as a threat to way of life socially and economically
Gag Rule:

18. V. Women’s Rights
Fighting for African American rights led many female abolitionists to fight for women’s rights
Margaret Fuller: wrote Women in the 19th Century in 1845 – stressed individualism

19. Seneca Falls Convention
First public meeting about women’s rights held in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott
Declaration of Sentiments:

20. Famous Women’s Rights Leaders
Lucy Stone: gifted women’s rights speaker
Susan B. Anthony: turned women’s rights into a political movement for equality and voting
Elizabeth Cady Stanton: