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Computer Chips: A World of Microelectronics
Zhi Chen, Ph.D. Department of Electrical Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40506
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Outline History of Computers The Structure of a Computer
Microchips: Integrated Circuits How to Make a Chip Future of Microchips
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History of Computers 1937 J. V. Atanasoff, a professor at Iowa State University, built an electronic computer (not programmable) 1943 Alan Turing built an electronic machine for the British military. 1945 J. Presper Eckert and John V. Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania built the first general purpose programmable electronic computer, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
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The first programmable electronic computer, ENIAC
It consists of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, and 6,000 switches. It was 100 feet long, 10 feet high, and 3 feet deep. It consumed 140 kilowatts of power.
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The first programmable electronic computer, ENIAC
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Problems with Vacuum Tubes
What a vacuum tube looks like? ---- A light Bulb It consists of a filament and several electrodes enclosed in a glass bulb. Large size Large Power Consumption Unreliable: filaments always burn out
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A New Invention in 1947: Transistor A Solid State Device
Transistors --Solid State Vacuum tubes --- Light bulbs Vacuum tube Transistor Compare the transistor with the vacuum tube: 100 times smaller, much less power consumption
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An Invention in 1958: Integrated Circuits
Jack Kilby, inventor The first integrated Circuit: Put every components and wires on a Silicon chip --- A new concept.
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Invention of IC: Beginning of Microelectronics
Electronic circuits are printed on Si wafer by photolithography and patterning. Most importantly, they can be miniaturized continuously.
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Computer architecture
CPU Memory I/O System Bus CPU: Central Process Units I/O: Input / Output All the above can be fabricated on a single chip.
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Miniaturization: Leading to Revolution of Computers
Year Microprocessor Size (m) Transistors Clock speed , MHz , MHz , MHz ,200, MHz Pentium ,100, MHz Pentium II ,500, MHz Pentium III ,000, GHz Pentium IV ,000, GHz
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Microelectronics: How to Make Chips?
UV Light Mask PR Oxide Silicon Wafer Photochemical Reaction PR: Photo Resist Electronic circuits are printed on Si wafer by photolithography
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Microelectronics: How to Make Chips
Soluble in a special solution PR Oxide Dissolve in the solution PR Oxide Oxide etch in a chemical solution PR Oxide PR: Photo Resist Electronic circuits are printed on Si wafer by photolithography
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Microelectronics: How to Make Chips
Dissolve in the solution PR Oxide Pattern being formed Oxide PR: Photo Resist Patterns on the Mask have been transformed to the silicon wafer
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Microelectronics: How to Make Chips
Very sophisticated patterns of 0.25 m can be made!
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Microelectronics: What a transistor looks like?
A transistor with a size of 0.25 m can only be seen using an electronic microscope!
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Microelectronics: What is a transistor?
A Transistor in digital circuits is just like a switch OFF Represents 0 in Logic ON Represents 1 in Logic Millions of switches in a Computer is just busy with on and off!
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Microelectronics: What a wafer looks like?
There are about chips which are identical in one wafer made by IBM in 1999.
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Microelectronics: What a chip looks like?
This is the inside of one chip showing microprocessor and memory made by IBM in 1999.
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Microelectronics: What a wafer looks like?
The wafer can be sliced into chips: Economical importance. If each chip sells for $200, one wafer values $10,000.
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Microelectronics: What a packaged chip looks like?
Each chip can be packaged as shown above.
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Microelectronics: Clean Room
Class 10 clean room in semiconductor industry: 10 particles per cubic feet in air
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Microelectronics: Clean Room
High-tech workers are doing mask alignment
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Microelectronics: Clean Room
High-tech workers are doing wafer processing
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Microelectronics: Clean Room
High-tech workers are doing wafer test
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Future of Microelectronics
Year Size Transistors Clock speed Today 0.20m 10,000, MHz m 40,000, GHz m ~100,000, GHz Beyond ??? Physical limit Need new devices and new concepts
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Nanoelectronics: Quantum dot devices
Coulomb blockade effect: One electron entering into the dot will repel the other electrons from entering. The dot size should be less than 5 nm to observe the room temperature Coulomb blockade effect.
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Nanoelectronics: Molecular devices
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Summary The invention and development of modern electronic computers have changed the world. Microelectronics is the driving force for the innovation of the computer technology. Nanotechnology will be the future for improvement of computers.
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