1. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Village & Neighbourhood The Optimum Design Scale for Sustainability Emer O’Siochrú MRIAI, EOS Future Design

2. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 If you only focus on passive energy conservation of building fabric you ignore… The embodied energy & carbon of the building fabric The fragility of the fabric i.e internal insulation can increase masonry frost damage The fit of the building use to its energy performance The transport energy demands of location The renewable energy potential of the location The potential synergies of addressing other natural resource and eco-system challenges

3. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 1.Enables recycling of waste especially for energy 2.Creates flexibility and resilience 3.Fosters innovation 4.Makes services viable 5.Adds value to land Proximity minimises travel and also …

4. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Compact Settlements

5. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Scattered Settlement

6. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 ‘Congested Districts’ 1890s-1930s Areas of Community Disadvantage ‘CLAR’areas 2002 Dispersal = Disadvantage

7. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 2010-1990 50% of existing Potential for Passive and Active Energy Measures 1930- Back in Time Age of Building Greater Potential for Active Energy measures Greater Potential for Passive Measures 1990-1930 Historic buildings External expressed brick and stone New buildings Active Passive

8. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Distributed v Remote Electricity Generation 4 kinds of benefits : approximate multiples 1.Financial economic benefits are 10 times for renewables, 3-5 times for fossil fuel. 2.Electrical engineering benefits are 2-3 times - more if grid is congested or reliability required. 3.Miscellaneous benefits are 2 times - more where waste heat is incorporated. 4.Benefits from ‘Externalities’ are important but site specific i.e. reduction in green house gases Amory B. Lovins, 2002

9. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Güssing: Distributed Electricity & Heat Güssing, a historic small town in Austria has today a rape-oil-refinery for the production of bio-diesel, a district heating unit supplied with wood, and a state-of-the art biomass- powerplant generation of 2 MW electricity and 4.5 MW heat.

10. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Güssing : Proximity Payoff The 45% Self sufficiency in energy has meant 50 new companies, more than 1,000 new jobs, and total increased sales volume of 13m Euro/year. An eco tourist business now sees 1600 visitors per week eager to learn

11. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Kalundborg Denmark: “.…your waste is someone else’s raw material …”

12. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Distributed Biogas Lünen, a historic town in Germany, uses organic material from local farms to provide electricity for its 90,000 residents producing 6.8mw to power and heat 26,000 houses. The gas is distributed through a new biogas pipeline network being built underground with a horizontal drilling robot

13. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Human Waste Conventional sewerage systems consume scarce freshwater and dilute nutrients. The nutrients are carried to rivers and the sea where they are extremely harmful (eutrophication). In turn, more nutrients have to be produced for agriculture, causing depletion of fossil resources and high energy demand. Considerable scarce fossil energy is used and greenhouse gases emitted to treat sewage and grey water this way

14. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Distributed Waste and Energy By OtterWasser GmbH

15. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Example: Lübeck, a historic town in Germany by OtterWasser GmbH

16. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Venice: Wastewater Vacuum System Small pipes; 25 -100mm Can go 6m vertically and 3 km on flat Low installation and maintenance Uses only 1 litre of water per flush. Can separate different types of wastewater Optimizes re-use of organic material for energy and nutrients

17. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Historic Distributed Energy in Villages Water mills on the Silver River Cadamstown Ballyboy

18. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Potential Distributed Energy : ENLIVEN Study Annual Average Wind Speeds (m/s) Cadamstown site = 6.75 - 8.25 Ballyboy site = 7– 8.25 Study Conclusions : 43% reduction in fossil fuel use and Co2 emissions in a rural community of 1200 possible by using local renewable energy resources of biomass and organic farm wastes, wind and hydro.

19. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Villages / Neighbourhood Resilience Studies Led by village / neighbourhoods to prepare for a) emergency responses and b) long term sustainability using new Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in SEAI and NIRSA and others Map natural resources & eco-systems and risks Map existing energy use and GHG emissions (and stores) from natural and built environment Map existing social and economic resources including food production and distribution and transport patterns Map land values of developed settlement and of agricultural, forestry, bog etc. and identify ownership Set up on site, cross disciplinary and participative planning and design process ‘charrette’ Provide for the up-skilling of existing professionals and training of graduate interns

20. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 Villages / Neighbourhood Resilience Studies Develop Strategy for Resilience Identify ‘resilience centre’ with emergency energy and other supplies Emergency communication, transport, food and energy plan Energy refits as appropriate for building type and age Develop Strategy and 3D Plans for Sustainability Transport plan to a) reduce trips b) reduce GHG in transport Identify feedstock and /or sites for active renewable energy generation to maximise co-benefits of waste processing, nutrient recovery, carbon storage, food security and job creation Settlement Design for Infill, new infrastructure and services, Design and Performance Guide for new construction Settlement Design to protect natural biodiversity and cultural heritage

21. EOS FUTURE DESIGNACE ICOMOS - Dublin - April 2011 So; Think of buildings in groups and in context when designing for all aspects of sustainability and Consider active as well as passive measures to reduce energy and carbon, especially for historic buildings and settlements