1. Phoenix Convention Center Phoenix, Arizona Thermal Bridges and Deep Energy Retrofit Solution ShowcaseDeep Energy Retrofit Axy Pagán-Vázquez, P.E., PMP U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory August 12, 2015

2. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Agenda 2 Introduction Army Facilities and Thermal Bridges Impact Energy loss Mitigation Catalog Construction detail sequencing examples Conclusion

3. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 3 Introduction

4. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 4 Intro: The Thermal Bridge Issue Occurs when a material provides a thermal path that bypasses insulation Leads to expensive problems Difficult to quantify in models Large inventory of Army buildings suffers from it 4 exterior Plywoo d R-11 Insulatio n Steel Studs Gypsum Board interior

5. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Definition 5 Part of the building envelope where the otherwise uniform thermal resistance is significantly reduced by: a) full or partial penetration of the insulating layers by materials with a different thermal conductivity and/or b) a change in thickness of the insulating layers and/or c) a difference between internal and external areas, such as occurs at wall/floor/ceiling junctions.

6. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Types of Thermal Bridges 6 Clear Field LinearPoint χ  UoUo

7. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 7 Army Facilities and Thermal Bridges

8. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Building weak spots: Thermal bridging locations 8 Details of Minor Magnitude 1.Wall Corner – Never Usually an Issue 2.Threshold or Door 3.Duct and Service Connections 4.Penetrations at Installations in Roof; PV or Water Tanks Section Plan Details of Major Magnitude 1. At Eaves/Ridge 2. Window and Door Fitting – Head, Sill and Jamb 3. At Projections, Shades Or Intermediate Floors 4. Internal Walls to External Walls 5. Intermediate Floors 6. At Grade

9. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Main Offenders 1. At Walls/Roof 2. Window and Door Fitting – Head, Sill and Jamb 3. At Projections, Shades Or Intermediate Floors 4. Internal Walls to External Walls/Roof 5. Intermediate Floors 6. At Grade 1 2 3 & 5 2 6 4 Building weak spots: Thermal bridging locations 9

10. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Thermal Bridges via IR Imaging 10 Dinning facility

11. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Thermal Bridges via IR Imaging 11 Army Reserve Center

12. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 12 Barracks Thermal Bridges via IR Imaging

13. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 13 Thermal Bridges via IR Imaging Battalion HQ

14. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Thermal Bridges via IR Imaging 14 Tactical Equipment Maintenance Facility

15. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 15 Impact

16. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Quantified Impact: Studied Barracks Building 16 Window Connections Foundati on Intermedi ate Slabs HeadSillJamb Affected Length (ft) 502 840764 Thermal Bridge Transmittance (Btu/hr-ft- °F) 0.308 0.1 80 0.3 22 0.3600.486 A. Pagán-Vázquez and S. Lux, " Prioritizing Thermal Bridge Mitigation Strategies, Journal of the National Institute of Building Sciences, Vol 2, No. 4, p. 22, Aug 2014

17. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Energy spent due to thermally bridged regions 17 Quantified Impact: Studied Barracks Building

18. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 18 Energy loss Mitigation Catalog

19. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Thermal Bridge Mitigation Catalog Easy to use; condensed guidance for good practices Provides building envelope recommended Army construction details. Include existing construction practice and corrected architectural drawings. Emphasizes the continuity of the tri-barrier envelope system 19

20. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 20 Catalog Page Layout Detail ID Detail Name and Description Thermal transmission reduction resulting from proposed thermal bridge mitigation method. Detailed results are located in the Thermal Performance table Proposed Solution Illustration of the proposed thermal bridge mitigation solution with noted changes and close up Close Up Section detailed view of interest Quality Control / Sequencing Section describing the procedure to implement the thermal bridge mitigation method(s) Thermal Performance Table noting quantitative improvement following implemented mitigation method(s) Modeling Values Table defining the assumptions used for modeling thermal bridge mitigation performance Existing Detail Illustration of the area on the structure experiencing the thermal bridging effects Notes Section providing general background and details of the problems and mitigation method(s)

21. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 21

22. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 22

23. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 23

24. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 24 Construction detail sequencing examples Different materials, different ways to “do the stuff”

25. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 25 Aerated Concrete (courtesy of Aercon) Material Alternatives: At Grade Solutions for Structural Thermal Breaks Foam Glass (courtesy of Perinsul) Foam Glass Gravel (courtesy of Perinsul) Foam Glass (courtesy of Perinsul) EPS Concrete (courtesy of Bremat)

26. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Material Alternatives: Readily Available Low Conductivity Structural Breaks PU structural thermal break (image courtesy of General Plastics) PVC Structural thermal break (image courtesy of Armatherm) Wood – courtesy of the forest 26

27. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Design Solutions for Structural Thermal Breaks 27

28. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 28 Attachment Clips for Cladding and Finishing Systems Rubber pad connections used as thermal breaks (generic solution) Reduced steel shelf angle support (courtesy of Fero) Thermally broken connections (image courtesy of Cascadia)

29. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 0.42 8 BTU/hr.ft.F 0.03 9 BTU/hr.ft.F 29 90% Mitigation Strategy: Wrapping

30. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Mitigation Strategy: Thermal Breaking 0.24 7 BTU/hr.ft.F 0.00 6 BTU/hr.ft.F 10 0% 30

31. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 31 Mitigation Strategy: Correct Window Fitting (image courtesy of Building Science Corporation)

32. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 32 (image courtesy of Building Science Corporation ) Mitigation Strategy: Correct Window Fitting

33. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 33 Construction detail sequencing examples Different materials, different ways to “do the stuff”

34. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 34 Parapet with Concrete Roof

35. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Old Junction Option 1: Insert thermal break Option 2:Wrap the parapet 35 Parapet with Concrete Roof

36. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade CMU Wall at Parapet Problem: Discontinuity of insulation between wall and roof Option 1: Insert thermal break 36

37. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Step 1 requires the removal of the parapet capping 37 Option 1: Insert thermal break

38. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Next, remove flashing and roofing asphalt to expose the CMU parapet 38 Option 1: Insert thermal break

39. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade The roofing asphalt will have to be removed sufficiently to expose the insulation 39 Option 1: Insert thermal break

40. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Cut back and remove some of the roof insulation The CMU parapet is now fully exposed 40 Option 1: Insert thermal break

41. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Remove brick veneer until insulation is exposed 41 Option 1: Insert thermal break

42. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Next, remove top insulation board 42 Option 1: Insert thermal break

43. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Next, remove top insulation board to expose the wall to roof junction 43 Option 1: Insert thermal break

44. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Remove the CMU parapet 44 Option 1: Insert thermal break

45. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Remove the CMU parapet 45 Option 1: Insert thermal break

46. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Add an air tightness barrier whilst the parapet is removed 46 Option 1: Insert thermal break

47. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Add a course of AAC blocks Anchor bolts or structural dowels should be added if needed to reinforce the junction 47 Option 1: Insert thermal break

48. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Extend external insulation to provide complete overlap with newly inserted thermal break 48 Option 1: Insert thermal break

49. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Reinstall insulation on the roof to abut the inserted thermal break The wall and roof insulation are now “thermally connected” 49 Option 1: Insert thermal break

50. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade The exterior brick veneer can now be replaced 50 Option 1: Insert thermal break

51. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade The exterior brick veneer can now be replaced 51 Option 1: Insert thermal break

52. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Add roof covering waterproof layers 52 Option 1: Insert thermal break

53. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Finally, replace parapet capping 53 Option 1: Insert thermal break

54. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Old Junction: New Junction: 0.0 10 BTU/hr. ft.F 0.2 47 BTU/hr. ft.F 54 Option 1: Insert thermal break

55. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade CMU Wall at Parapet Problem: Discontinuity of insulation between wall and roof 55 Option 2: Wrap the Parapet

56. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 56 Option 2: Wrap the Parapet

57. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Old Junction: New Junction: 0.0 39 BTU/hr. ft.F 0.2 47 BTU/hr. ft.F 57 Option 2: Wrap the Parapet

58. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Option 2:Wrap the parapet Old Junction Option 1: Insert thermal break 0.0 10 BTU/hr. ft.F 0.0 39 BTU/hr. ft.F 0.2 47 BTU/hr. ft.F 58 Parapet with Concrete Roof

59. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade At Grade Transition 59 At Grade Transition/ Building Foundation

60. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 60 At Grade Transition/ Building Foundation

61. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade The remainin g soil can then be added This may also be an opportuni ty to add a gravel drain dependin g on site condition s 61 At Grade Transition/ Building Foundation

62. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Window Head, Jamb and Sill 62 Steel Stud Building Windows

63. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 0.4 03 BTU/hr. ft.F No thermal break in the existing window will cause very high losses Thermal bridge result will be dubious as there is huge losses from the frame itself Condensation may occur on the inside of this frame in cold weather 63 Steel Stud Building Windows

64. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 0.0 45 BTU/hr. ft.F A 1.5” thick timber break can be used to bridge the insulation layer to the thermal break in the window 64 Steel Stud Building Windows

65. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 65 Steel Stud Building Windows

66. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 66 Steel Stud Building Windows

67. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Thus the detail is complete 67 Steel Stud Building Windows

68. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade Summary Thermal bridges are liable to occur where a path between the two sides of the building envelope is present. Infra-red (IR) reveled opportunities for that Army facilities improvements. Overall TB impact varies from building detail. The mitigation catalog provides potential energy solution Next steps: incorporate catalog recommendations in future Army guidelines 68

69. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 69 Acknowledgments ERDC-CERL Thermal Bridge Modelling and Mitigation Team Mark Lawton, Morrison- Hershfield Bob Ryan, Passive House Academy John Straube, Building Science Consulting Inc.

70. Energy Exchange : Federal Sustainability for the Next Decade 70 Thanks for your attention!