1. An Emerging World Power: 1890-1917
Beginnings of Imperialism

2. Imperialism:
A policy where a stronger nation extends their political, military, and economic control over a weaker nation.
Age of Imperialism: from the mid 1800s through the early 1900s powerful nations competed against each other in an attempt to increase their influence in the world. European nations added colonies in Africa and Asia. Japan and the U.S. followed suite.
Stars and Stripes Forever Song: nationalism leads to imperialism

3. Nationalism and Social Darwinism
Causes of Imperialism:
Economic Gain
Militarism
Nationalism and Social Darwinism
Economic gain: raw materials such as tea, rubber, iron, petroleum
Militarism: colonial powers sought bases for naval forces to protect trade routes
Nationalism and Social Darwinism: imperialists feel a moral duty to spread their culture to peoples they consider inferior
1898 political cartoon: "Ten Thousand Miles From Tip to Tip" meaning the extension of U.S. domination (symbolized by a bald eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The cartoon contrasts this with a map of the smaller United States 100 years earlier in 1798.

4. Matthew Perry U.S. Power in the Pacific: Opened Japan in 1853
1867: took possession of the midway islands
1875 and 1887: treaties increase trade with Hawaiian Islands and gave the U.S. the right to build a naval base as Pearl Harbor

5. “Seward’s Folly” Secretary of State William Seward
In 1867 Seward purchases Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million
Also called Seward’s Ice box
Actually had lots of natural resources

6. Hawaii U.S. Annexes Hawaii in 1898
Grover Cleveland apologized to Hawaii for the “Grievous wrongs”
Sentiment of Us was that we wanted it and when McKinley was elected we took it. 1898

7. Joseph Pulitzer William Randolph Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer: NY World
William Randolph Hearst: NY Journal

8. Yellow Press
Rival newspaper journalists Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst used sensational headlines and pictures that exaggerated Spanish atrocities and compared Cuban Rebels to the Patriots of the American Revolution.
Yellow Press: Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.

9. The Spanish-American War: 1898
Remember the Maine!
On April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in the Havana harbor on February 15, The U.S. also supported the ongoing struggle of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines for independence against Spanish rule.
This would be the first war fought overseas by the United States and it involved campaigns in both Cuba and the Philippine Islands. The majority of Spanish-American War soldiers were volunteers who originated from all over the United States for their part in, as Secretary of State John Hay called it, a "splendid little war."

10. Rough Riders The most famous of all the units fighting in Cuba
"Rough Riders" was the name given to the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry under the leadership of Theodore Roosevelt.
Roosevelt resigned his position as Assistant Secretary of the Navy in May 1898 to join the volunteer cavalry. The original plan for this unit called for filling it with men from the Indian Territory, New Mexico, Arizona, and Oklahoma. However, once Roosevelt joined the group, it quickly became the place for a mix of troops ranging from Ivy League athletes to glee-club singers to Texas Rangers and Indians.
Roosevelt and the commander of the unit Colonel Leonard Wood trained and supplied the men so well at their camp in San Antonio, Texas, that the Rough Riders was allowed into the action, unlike many other volunteer companies. They went to Tampa at the end of May and sailed for Santiago de Cuba on June 13. There they joined the Fifth Corps, another highly trained, well supplied, and enthusiastic group consisting of excellent soldiers from the regular army and volunteers.
The Rough Riders saw battle at Las Guásimas when General Samuel B. M. Young was ordered to attack at this village, three miles north of Siboney on the way to Santiago. Although it was not important to the outcome of the war, news of the action quickly made the papers. They also made headlines for their role in the Battle of San Juan Hill, which became the stuff of legend thanks to Roosevelt's writing ability and reenactments filmed long after.

13. “Big Stick” Diplomacy
Speak softly......
But carry a big stick!

14. Roosevelt Corollary
Later, the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States would exercise "international police power" to get Latin American nations to honor their financial commitments. 

15. Panama Canal

16. Platt Amendment The Platt Amendment, 1903
Article I. The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any foreign power or powers which will impair or tend to impair the independence of Cuba, nor in any manner authorize or permit any foreign power or powers to obtain by colonization or for military or naval purposes, or otherwise, lodgment in or control over any portion of said island.
Article II. The Government of Cuba shall not assume or contract any public debt to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking-fund provision for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the Island of Cuba, after defraying the current expenses of the Government, shall be inadequate.
Article III. The Government of Cuba consents that the United States may exercise the right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence, the maintenance of a government adequate for the protection of life, property, and individual liberty, and for discharging the obligations with respect to Cuba imposed by the Treaty of Paris on the United States, now to be assumed and undertaken by the Government of Cuba
Article V. The Government of Cuba will execute, and, as far as necessary, extend the plans already devised, or other plans to be mutually agreed upon, for the sanitation of the cities of the island, to the end that a recurrence of epidemic and infectious diseases may be prevented, thereby assuring protection to the people and commerce of Cuba, as well as to the commerce of the Southern ports of the United States and the people residing therein....
Article VII. To enable the United States to maintain the independence of Cuba, and to protect the people thereof, as well as for its own defense, the Government of Cuba will sell or lease to the United States lands necessary for coaling or naval stations, at certain specified points, to be agreed upon with the ]?resident of the United States.

17. Great White Fleet
The "Great White Fleet" sent around the world by President Theodore Roosevelt from 16 December 1907 to 22 February 1909 consisted of sixteen new battleships of the Atlantic Fleet. The battleships were painted white except for gilded scrollwork on their bows. The Atlantic Fleet battleships only later came to be known as the "Great White Fleet." The fourteen-month long voyage was a grand pageant of American sea power. The squadrons were manned by 14,000 sailors. They covered some 43,000 miles and made twenty port calls on six continents. The battleships were accompanied during the first leg of their voyage by a "Torpedo Flotilla" of six early destroyers, as well as by several auxiliary ships. The destroyers and their tender did not actually steam in company with the battleships, but followed their own itinerary from Hampton Roads to San Francisco. Two battleships were detached from the fleet at San Francisco, and two others substituted.

18. “Gentleman’s” Agreement
The Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 (日米紳士協約 Nichibei Shinshi Kyōyaku?) was an informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration or students, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two powerful Pacific nations. The agreement was never ratified by Congress, which in 1924 ended it.
Tensions had been rising in Tokyo and San Francisco, and after the decisive Japanese victory against Russia, Japan demanded treatment as an equal. The result was a series of six notes communicated between Japan and the United States from late 1907 to early 1908.
The immediate cause of the Agreement was anti-Japanese nativism in California. In 1906, the San Francisco, California Board of Education had passed a regulation whereby children of Japanese descent would be required to attend racially segregated separate schools. At the time, Japanese immigrants made up approximately 1% of the population of California; many of them had come under the treaty in 1894 which had assured free immigration from Japan.[1]

19. Yellow journalists created support for the
Spanish-American War by writing articles about the
(1) political popularity of William Jennings Bryan
(2) efforts of the United States to control Mexico
(3) destruction of United States sugar plantations by Hawaiians
(4) sinking of the United States battleship Maine in Havana Harbor

20. News organizations were engaging in yellow
journalism before the Spanish-American War
when
(1) publishers tried to prevent the war
(2) articles about Cuba were fair and balanced
(3) editors exaggerated events to build support for war
(4) writers ignored the situation in Cuba

21. The United States issued the Open Door policy
(1899–1900) primarily to
(1) bring democratic government to the Chinese
people
(2) secure equal trade opportunities in China
(3) force China to change its immigration policies
(4) use China as a stepping stone to trade with
Japan

22. “Hawaiian Planters Urge American Annexation”
“U.S. and Germany Negotiate for
Control of the Samoan Islands”
“U.S. Gains Control of Wake Island and Guam”
Which conclusion can best be drawn from these headlines?
(1) The Anti-Imperialist League strongly influenced Congress.
(2) Respect for native cultures motivated United States foreign policy.
(3) United States territorial expansion increased in the Pacific Ocean.
(4) Construction of a railroad to Alaska was a major policy goal.

23. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the
United States became involved in Latin America
primarily to
(1) establish new colonies
(2) protect economic and security interests
(3) raise the living standards of Latin Americans
(4) stop the flow of illegal drugs into the United
States

24. As a result of the Spanish-American War, the
United States saw the need to build the Panama
Canal because
(1) new colonies had been acquired in Africa
(2) Spanish opposition to the canal had ended
(3) the United States navy could then move more
quickly between oceans
(4) United States railroads could not transport
enough manufactured goods

25. A major purpose of both the Chinese Exclusion
Act (1882) and the Gentlemen’s Agreement with
Japan (1907) was to
(1) limit immigration of certain ethnic groups
(2) enrich America’s cultural diversity
(3) treat all Asian and European immigrants
equally
(4) relocate Asians displaced by war

26. President Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick policy
is most closely associated with
(1) friendly relations with China after the Boxer
Rebellion
(2) conservation of natural resources
(3) court actions to support business monopolies
(4) intervention in Latin American affairs