1. Forms of Communication

2. Body Language  Makes up 50%-70% of communication.  Conveys emotion  Happy  Sad  Anger  Fear  Disgust  Excitiment

3. Body Language  Eyes  Lips  Gestures  Arms and Legs  Posture

4. Spatial Differences  Intimate Space (6-18 inches)  Close relationships  Personal Space (1.5 to 4 feet)  Family members and friends  Social Space (4-12 feet)  Acquaintances  Public Space (12-25 feet)  Public speaking  VARIES BY CULTURE.

5. Direct Communication  Say what you think.  Messages is directly conveyed by the words.  “Marvin pick up marker.”

6. Indirect Speech  Message is “indirect”  Conveyed by words and body language.  Used in context.  “I need the remote to switch slides.”

7. Why Don’t You Say What you Mean Questions. 1. What is the initial assumption about “bosses” using indirect communication? 2. How are other countries different/similar in regards to direct/indirect communication? 3. What is a liability of indirect communication? 4. Which form of communication is the best?

8. 1. Weakness – lack of confidence 2. Indirectness tends to be the norm 3. Communication can be “lost in translation” 4. Varies: 1. Direct – Know what is being asked 2. Indirect – Easily understandable in strong relationships

9. The squeaky wheel gets the grease. The nail that sticks out gets hammered back in. Honesty is the best policy. Being polite is more important than being honest. It's okay to say no. Avoid saying no; say “maybe” or “possibly,” even if you mean “no.” The truth is more important than sparing someone’s feelings. Don’t beat around the bush. If the truth might hurt, soften it. Say what you mean and mean what you say. Read between the lines. Take communication at face value. Handle communication to save face. Time is money. Get to the point. Small talk before business is important. It’s okay to disagree with your boss at a meeting. Criticism of others, especially people with more authority, should be unspoken or careful and veiled. DirectIndirect Tell it like it is. The facts speak for themselves. The squeaky wheel gets the grease. If you don't have anything nice to say, don't say anything. Tell someone what you think they want to hear.

10. Structural Linguistics

11. Phonology  Phonology  The patterning of sound.  Difficult to make “foreign” sounds.  Need practice  Phoneme  A sound or set of sounds that make a difference in the meaning of a language  Reasons for consonants/vowel variation:  Climate (more)  Literacy (more)  Degree of baby holding (more)

12. Simple Examples  Phonology  Fair  Phil  Rough  Phoneme  Hope  Rope

13. Morphology  Morphology  Study of meaningful sets of sounds in language.  wewouldnothearwordsasseperateunitsifwedidn otunderstandthelanguage.  Morph  Smallest unit of language that meaning.  Morpheme  One or more morphs with the same meaning

14. Morphs and Morphemes  For  Cow  Table  Negative forming  Un-  In-  Ir-  Non-

15. Syntax  Syntax  The rules that predict how phrases and sentences are generally formed.  Speakers of a language know implicit rules of syntax but they are not consciously aware of them.

16. Historical Linguistics  Focus on how languages change over time.  If written work exists, makes this easier  Comparing Middle English to modern English, for example  If not, comparative studies of related languages and reconstructions can be used  Show patterns as languages expanded  Europe and Latin  English and French (1066)

17. Language Families  When “parent” language is not known linguists do reconstructions  Compare presumably related languages, find similarities, and get an idea of what the ancestor language was like  Reconstruction is called a “protolanguage”  Languages from the same protolanguage are called a “language family”

18. Language Facts  Most languages in the world can be piled into less than 30 language families  7Billion people  English is part of the Indo-European family  The protolanguage is called proto- Indo-European or PIE (arose approximately 5000-6000 years ago)

19. Language Families  Broken into branches.  English is part of the Germanic Branch of the Indo-European Family  Compare cognates to derive where the language came from.  Indo-European Language  Potentially began in Ukraine approximately 3000 years ago based on cognates of trees.

20. Dialects  Offer variations – variations within a language  Presumably the area of origin has the most potential for dialectical variation.

21. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis  Language effects how people in a society perceive and conceive reality.  Not widely accepted by the linguistic community.