1. March 31 st, 2011

4. Reasoning / Judgment / Motivation Ability to: control impulses and postpone gratification plan ahead / foresee consequences inhibit / regulate emotions evaluate behavior (one’s own or others’) understand others’ positions make wise choices (evaluating risk vs. reward) handle social pressures

5. Difficulty foreseeing consequences Difficulty planning or setting priorities (making wise choices) Difficulty postponing gratification / controlling impulses High pleasure / reward / novelty seeking High risk-taking behavior Exaggerated black and white thinking (safe vs. unsafe) Heightened emotional reactions, fantasy life Difficulty handling social pressures

7. RiskEstimateActual Die from any cause (crime, illness, accident, etc.) in the next year? 18.6%0.08% Die from any cause (crime, illness, accident, etc.) by age 20? 20.3%0.4% Fischhoff, B., Assessing adolescent decision-making competence, Developmental Review, #28, 2008

9. Probability X Consequence

10. X Payoff

11. Probability X Consequence X Payoff X “Heat of the moment”

12. THE “CLASSROOM BRAIN” “HEAT OF THE MOMENT” BRAIN

13.  Heightened emotion  Anger  Jealousy  Fear  Sexual arousal  Intoxication  Peer “pressure”  Impulsivity – immediate gratification

14. Peer acceptance Inclusion/Attention / Status / Confidence (social) Coping strategy To alter feelings / experiences Experimentation / curiosity / rebellion

15.  Alcohol  Marijuana  Prescription medication  Pain medications: OxyContin , Vicodin , Percodan   Benzodiazepines: Xanax , Valium   Sleep medications: Ambien , Lunesta   ADHD medications: Ritalin , Adderall   Heroin  Cocaine  OTC cold medication (“triple C’s”)  Inhalants  Club drugs (particularly Ecstasy)  New fads (Four Loko, bath salts)