1. Recent Trends in Training Methods of Deciduous Fruit Trees
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Recent Trends in Training Methods
of Deciduous Fruit Trees
Presented By
Belal taromi aliabadi
Aliakbar mohammadian

2. Introduction
Many special ways of training trees have been proposed over the past century and before (DeJong et al., 1999). Some systems are specific to dwarf trees, some are designed for better light distribution, some for ease of harvest, some for better support for crop, some for protection from wind, some for better fruit quality, and still others for better spray coverage to control pests. For the grower, choice of a system should be based on general cropping efficiency balanced with the cost of establishing and maintaining it. The success of a system in one area does not ensure its success in a different climate or economic situation (Westwood, 1995).

3. New Training Methods of Deciduous
Fruit Trees
1. Cordon Form
Single stem (height of 3-4 m).
Short fruiting spurs (3 kg/tree = 45 tons / acre).
Dwarfing rootstocks.
Close spacing (0.3x1.0 m) = trees / ha.
Trellis support.
High yield with lower costs.
Orientation may be vertical, oblique or horizontal.

4. Vertical
Cordon
Horizontal
Cordon
Oblique
Cordon

5. (columnar canopy shape)
2. Pillar System
(columnar canopy shape)
It is a modified vertical cordon
without support.
Pruning to renew fruiting wood
every 3 years.
Trees 2-3 m high have about 35
production units.
Trees spacing
Trees are planted at about 2x4 m
= (1250 trees/ha).
Good spray coverage and light
distribution.

6. 3. Dwarf Pyramid This system is a modification of
the cordon, in which low-headed,
compact, central leader trees are
trained with lower branches longer
than upper ones.
Narrow pyramid.
Trees spacing
Trees are planted at about 1x3 m
= (3333 trees/ha), with the
potential yield in the second year.

7. 4. Spindle Bush It is between the bush form and vertical cordon.
Unlike the cordon, in which
fruits are borne on short
branches.
Height can be from 2-4 m
( trees/ha).

8. Other Types of Spindle Bush
a) Modified spindle bush like espalier for dwarf apples and
pear.
b) Modified brunner-spindle system:
3-4 m spacing between trees and 5-6 m between rows
(sweet cherries).
Suitable for hand picking or mechanical harvesting.
Suitable for vigorous, semi-vigorous or semi-dwarf rootstocks.
c) Slender spindle system
Vigorous growth of cv. and Rt, and the growth character of
sweet cherries.
Produce dwarf trees for intensive orchards.
4 m spacing between rows and m between trees
( trees/ha).

9. 5. Vertical Axis Like the vertical cordon and spindle bush.
The branches become bent
down from cropping, they are
systematically renewed so as
not become scaffolds.
Pruning costs are less and
cropping begins early.
Requires support, usually 2-3
wire trellis.

10. 6. Meadow Orchard
High-yielding varieties of apple are grafted to a dwarf root.
Trees are planted 30x45 cm apart (74000 trees/ha).
Trees are sprayed with a growth regulator to induce flower
initiation.
Trees are sprayed with retardant again in the second season
to keep growth at about 1 m height.
Tree produces only 1 kg (74 M/tha).
Mechanical harvest in which the combine harvester cuts off
the trees just above the graft union.
High cost/acre for trees alternate year cropping.
In Israel, the Meadow system has been adapted to annual
cropping of early peaches and nectarines.

11. Modification of the meadow orchard

12. 7. Palmettes Similar in that all are fan-shaped.
Oriented in a single plane
These forms can be adapted to different soils, climatic
conditions and tree vigor.
Good exposure to sunlight.
Horizontal Oblique A combination
arms arms of the two

13. Fan [cherry and fig]
Candelabra

14. 8. Tatura Trellis
Trees rows run north-south and each tree has only two main
branches forming a Y, growing east and west above the alley
between rows.
These branches, at a crotch angle of 60-70o.
It is expensive to install.

15. Other Types of Tatura Trellis
a) Geneva Y Trellis
Trellis height of 2.0 m and angle of 60o between the arms
of the Y.
There are 3 support wires.

16. b) Solen Y
Two branches are selected as
cordons.
Each cordon is curved back
over the trunk and placed
along the bottom wire of the
trellis.
Secondary branches are
trained upward in a Y-shape,
with 60o between the arms of
the Y.
Seven support wires,
including the bottom one
where the cordons lay.

17. c) V Trellis
Two m height with 5
support wires.
d) Perpendicular “V” or Kearney System
Without trellis.
Trees are spaced ~2 m in the row and 5-6 m between rows.
Tree height ranges up to 4.5 m.
High early yield and ease of orchard management.

18. e) Murrumbidge Irrigation Area (MIA) Trellis
Double-row opposed planar A shaped canopy.
Only one arm/tree is grown east or west across the major 6.0 m
inter row space.

19. f) Mikado System
Four main branch elements.
Therefore, vegetative growth is
partitioned into four and three
elements of equal strength,
respectively.
These elements are arranged in
a V-like shape.
Excellent light interception, high
fruit quality and efficient use of
orchard space. Lower investment
cost for establishing orchards.
6000 branch elements/ha using a
planting density of 1500 trees/ha.
High yield in the third year
already.

20. 9. Lincoln Canopy
Mechanical harvest.
T-trellis.

21. 10. Tapered Tree wall or Hedgerow
Can be cordons, pillars, dwarf pyramids, or other more complex
systems.
Height of the wall may vary from 2-5 m.
High quality fruit production.
Least input of labor and capital.

22. Tapered treewalls developed
in Oregon.
Starking/M.9 treewall spaced 15 x 4 ft.,
Golden Delicious/M.26 spaced 9 x 3 ft., and
Spur Golden/M.26 spaced
6 x 3 ft.

23. 11. Modified Egyptian System
Modification of the other system to convert the Egyptian conditions.
Apple grafted on MM106 Rt. and planted at 2 or 3 m apart within the
rows and 2 to 4 m between rows.
Base laterals are oriented down.
Top laterals are grown upright.

24. 12. Chemical Training IBA, 250-1000 ppm. Daminozide, MH, 1200 ppm.
TIBA, 50 ppm.
Ethephon, ppm.
SADH, 500 ppm.
Cytokinin, 100 ppm.
Control SADH
Ethephon Cytokinin

25. Training Methods
In Relation to :

26. 1. Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality and Photosynthesis

27. 2. Species, Variety, Rootstocks, Dense Planting and Costs

28. Pruning of Deciduous Fruit Trees
The kind of fruit is important in determining the best pruning method because of the different flowering habits and the different ultimate fruit size at harvest.
Fruits such as peach, that initiate their flowers on current shoots and that have naturally large fruits respond better to heavy pruning than those that set flowers on older spurs (apple and pear) and have naturally small fruits (cherry).

29. Conclusion
In general, It could be concluded that V and Y training systems gave the greatest LAI, light interception and yield efficiency as compared with SS, CL and inter-stem CL training systems. Density was the predominant factor affecting tree growth, LA, light interception and fruit yield years regardless of training system.

30. THANK YOU