1. Kathleen A. Garland garland@uhcl.edu 281-283-3249 EIH Envirothon Teacher Workshop February 18, 2012

2. What’s a point source?

3. Industrial or municipal discharge

4. End-of-pipe The key concepts for understanding point source pollution Channelized flow It has a distinct source You can identify that source You can control that source

5. Non-point source pollution No specific source location Acid mine drainage

6. A map of eastern streams impacted by coal mine drainage

7. Agricultural runoff

8. During storms

9. Runoff from livestock

10. Concentrated animal feeding operations

11. Urban stormwater runoff

12. Characteristics of Non-point source Sheet flow No identified point where all discharge takes place Source generally cannot be directly controlled

13. What’s in the water? Debris

14. Sediment in stormwater

15. Chemicals of concern: Metals

16. COC’s: oils and greases

17. Thermal pollution

18. Nutrients

19. What are nutrients? Things that make plants grow… Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Algae is a plant (sort of, a Protist, actually, but close to a plant…it photosythesizes) Nutrients make algae grow—or overgrow!

20. Not all algal blooms are green…

21. Why is too much algae a bad thing?

22. Eutrophication Nutrients feed algae Algae bloom, creating large amounts of biomass Algae die, sinking to the bottom of the water body Algae decay, using up the oxygen in the lower layer of the water Benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms cannot survive Fish eat benthics, so they either move away, or they die, too

23. Eutrophication leads to Hypoxia Hypoxia: the condition of extremely low levels of oxygen in the water In the Gulf of Mexico, we call the hypoxic zone— The Dead Zone

24. How does the Dead Zone Form?

25. Hypoxic zone in the GOM

26. Source area for GOM Hypoxic Zone

27. Global hypoxic zones

28. Impacts of hypoxia Fisheries Affects fish stocks Affects nursery areas for future fish stocks Water quality Recreational Fishing and boating Shellfish Coral reefs

29. Recent example: TPWD http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environ concerns/hab/redtide/status.phtml

30. Coral reefs in the northern GOM

31. Corals in FGBNMS

32. Invasive species

33. Who regulates non-point source pollution? EPA: Section 319 of the Clean Water Act http://www.epa.gov/owow_keep/NPS/cwact.html For freshwater systems Requires states to implement plan Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA) Section 6217 http://www.epa.gov/owow_keep/NPS/czara.html Specifically relates to coastal areas—like us!

34. Why should we care? Galveston Bay is an estuary—a drowned river basin The most productive aquatic habitats on the planet Wetlands and marshes Seabirds, turtles, shellfish, and ocean fish Extremely vulnerable to pollution from NPS Needs freshwater inflows to survive Downstream from two massive urban areas: DFW and Houston Industrial pollution Urban runoff Agricultural runoff If those inflows are nutrient loaded, the Bay suffers

35. Chesapeake Bay A very badly damaged estuary

36. We don’t want to get that way! What can we do to reduce NPS? Stay tuned! Dr. John Jacob, of Texas Coastal Watersheds will be speaking at 1:30 on exactly this topic!