1. Biochips Presented by Anjan Kumar Singh Reg No. 0701224352

2. Overview  What is a Biochip?  Its first occurrence and the history behind its existence  What are its uses and applications?  Hurdles to overcome before the technology becomes popular  Who are the major researchers?  What is the estimated market for biochips?

3. Introduction  Collection of miniaturized test sites of living entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size  A marriage between electronics and biology/medicine Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

4. In Brief  Bio + Chip = Biochip Bio: stands for any biological entity eg: protein, DNA Chip: a computer chip Biochip: a mate between biological entity and a computer  Genome chips, Microarrays Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

5. The Idea behind Biochip  Biology DNA was discovered in 1950 The Watson and Creek model was developed in 1953 Protein sequences, DNA sequences started getting discovered in 1980s  Electronics Transistor was first invented in 1948 In 1980s 100,000 to 1 million transistors Brick wall due to size limitations Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

6. Types of Biochips Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary Active Position Energy supplier implantableexternal Interactioncapture Biochips Function Passive Lab-on-chips

7. Tracking device  Tracking and identification devices in animals around 1983 for monitoring fishery  Now widely used in monitoring pets and animals in zoos  Implanted under the skin of the animal with a unique ID number  Works on Radio Frequency Identification  Made of Reader and Transponder Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

8. Transponder  The implantable biochip  Passive Biochip: No Batteries  Composed of Microchip Antenna coil Tuning capacitor Glass Capsule Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

9. Transponder  Computer Chip: Stores the unique ID number Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

10. Transponder  Antenna Coil: Primitive Radio antenna to receive and send signals Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

11. Transponder  Tuning Capacitor: Charged by the small (1/1000 of Watt) signal sent by the reader Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

12. Transponder  Glass Capsule: Made of biocompatible material such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air- tight) sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer Glass Capsule Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

13. Implant  Injected by a Hypodermic syringe beneath the skin  Usually behind the neck in cats and dogs Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

14. Reader/Scanner  Transmits a small signal  Charges the tuning capacitor  ID number transmitted by the transponder Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

15. Tracking device in Humans  Works on the same principles in general  Satellite will be able to track any human with the tracking biochip Tracking Request Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

16. Social Concerns  Big Brother fear Federal government has not legalized the implant of tracking biochips in humans  Mark of the Beast fear What if the tracking biochip has the number 666? Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

17. Different Biochips Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

18. Biochip Manufacturing Figure: http://www.affymetrix.com/technology/manufacturing/index.affx Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

19. Biochip Manufacturing Figure: http://www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,53861,00.html Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

20. DNA Biochips  DNA (Gene expression):  Human Genome Project started in 1990 to study genomes  Study of interactions of individual genes in an organism Requires simultaneous study of genes  Requires High-throughput Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

21. Technical Challenges  Attachment of living entity with the silicon surface  Limitation of vision  Biocompatibility (Research done at National Tsing Hua University)  Reliability Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

22. Overcome challenges  More experiments  More funding by big foundations like NSF Eg: Human Genome project: $3 billion

23. Recently Past Market Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

24. Global Market of Biochips Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

25.  Biochips is a very broad field Many different types of biochips  Biochips is going to set the new trend in Medicine  Still in research phase, but soon will be commercially used Introduction History Current Technology Challenges Principal Players Market Summary

26. Further Research  Biocompatibility: Not a lot of research is done in making the Ics biocompatible  Artificial proteins and DNA  More Tests need to be conducted to make it more reliable

27. Reference  Center of biological Microchips: http://www.biochip.ru/en http://www.biochip.ru/en  Affymetrix: http://www.affymetrix.com/index.affx http://www.affymetrix.com/index.affx  Agilent: http://www.chem.agilent.com/Scripts/PDS.asp ?lPage=51 http://www.chem.agilent.com/Scripts/PDS.asp ?lPage=51  http://www.av1611.org/666/biochip.html#Part 3 http://www.av1611.org/666/biochip.html#Part 3  http://www.biotechinsights.com/pages/biopr.h tml http://www.biotechinsights.com/pages/biopr.h tml

28. Questions ???