1. Child Deprivation Indicators(CDI): Application in China’s Context WANG Tingyan, Tiffany WONG Yucheung The University of Hong Kong XU Yuebin Beijing Normal University 10 th July 2012 1

2. Outline of Presentation Deprivation concept and background Project Results Conclusions Future work plans 2

3. Deprivation concept and background Deprivation Indicators: relative poverty measure  Deprivation may be defined as a state of observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community or the wider society or nation to which an individual, family or group belongs. (Townsend, 1987)  Non-monetary: not money, but goods and activities  Direct: actual living standard  Multidimensional Widely adopted among European Countries Not yet employed in China 3

4. Deprivation concept and background Socially perceived necessities (Mack& Lansley, 1980s): population decide, not researcher Enforced lack(Mack& Lansley, 1980s): two- question survey format  1. do you have…?  2. if no, is it because economic constrain? 4

5. Project Family and child survey of Bejing in 2011 Child Deprivation Indicators: school age children Sample: 600 households with 1 or more children Response rate: 93%(558) 5

6. Project: Constructing procedure 6 Researcher selects necessity items 48 Panel review 34 Survey decides the final list >=50%

7. Results 34 items maintained 6 dimensions: diet(2), clothing(4), housing(10), household facilities(4), education(8), social interaction(6) Supporting rates: ranged from 67.7 %(inviting friend home at least once every month) to 98.4%(good condition of ventilation) 7

8. Results: Necessity list Diet1. Fresh fruit and vegetables at least once a day 2. A meal with meat, fish or vegetarian equivalents at least every second day Clothing3. Shoes could be replaced by new ones once unfitted 4. Clothes for each seasons 5. All school uniform required 6. Clothes, socks and underwear could be replaced by new ones once worn Housing7. Indoor flushing toilet for sole use of the household 8. Enough windows 9. Enough daylighting 10. Good ventilation 11. Rooms are soundproof 12. No noise around accommodation 13. Enough heating supply in winter 14. Roof is not leaking 15. No cement or lime powder peeling off from wall 16. Child has own bed 8

9. Necessity list Househol d facilities 17. Washing machine 18. Air condition 19. Color TV 20. (mobile) phone Education21. Computer 22. Internet 23. Studying desk 24. Books (for school age children) 25. Toys (for primary students) 26. New or second hand bike 27. Tutorial after school 28. Interest classes 9

10. Necessity list Social interactions 29. Invite friends home at least once a month 30. Play outside (e.g. park, friends’ home, Children’s Hall) with friends at least once a week 31. Join school travel (self-paying) at least once a semester 32. Travel with family at least five days a year 33. Eat outside with family at least once a month 34. Visit relatives and friends on traditional festivals 10

11. Results : deprivation rate(Beijing) Threshold: >=3 Deprivation rate: 18.5% 11

12. Results : Deprivation and Dibao Dibao: Minimum Living Standard Guarantee Scheme Social Assistant scheme of China Criticized by low assistance level Low coverage: ~3 per cent Percentage in sample: 12.2%(68) 12

13. Results : Deprivation and Dibao 13 DibaoDeprived (3+) Overlap (Dibao& deprived ) Deprived /Dibao Deprived /non- Dibao %12.218.5762.913.5

14. Conclusion Deprivation and Dibao: significantly linked but not perfectly overlapped Use these two measures cooperatively in practice 14

15. Future work plans Weighting issue: weighted deprivation score, to indicate different deprivation severities and to facilitate comparison. Association of deprivation and income 15

16. Thank you! 16